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(entities)g(b)n(ut)e(abstract)i(objects,)g(such)f(as)f(e)n(v)o(ents,)75 3818 y(f)o(acts)24 b(and)g(propositions,)j(e)o(g)160 3978 y Fh(\(1\))44 b(A:)21 b(...[we)f(ne)n(v)o(er)e(kno)n(w)i(what)g (the)o(y')l(re)e(thinking])1758 3990 y Fg(i)1783 3978 y Fh(.)302 4078 y(B:)27 b Ff(That)578 4090 y Fg(i)606 4078 y Fh(')-5 b(s)26 b(right.)42 b([I)25 b(don')o(t)g(trust)h(them]) 1559 4090 y Fg(j)1592 4078 y Fh(,)i(maybe)d(I)h(guess)g Ff(it)2205 4090 y Fg(j)2239 4078 y Fh(')-5 b(s)27 b(because)e(of)h (what)g(happened)e(o)o(v)o(er)g(there)h(with)302 4177 y(their)20 b(o)n(wn)g(people,)f(ho)n(w)g(the)o(y)h(thre)n(w)g(them)f (out)h(of)g(po)n(wer)-5 b(...)24 b(\(sw3241\))75 4350 y Fi(Whilst)d(there)f(ha)n(v)o(e)h(been)g(attempts)g(to)f(classify)i (abstract)f(objects)h(and)e(describe)i(the)f(rules)g(go)o(v)o(erning)h (anaphoric)75 4463 y(reference)j(to)e(them)f(\(W)-7 b(ebber)l(,)24 b(1991;)h(Asher)l(,)e(1993;)h(Dahl)f(&)e(Hellman,)i(1995\),)h(there)g (ha)n(v)o(e)f(been)h(no)f(empirical)75 4576 y(studies)35 b(using)g(actual)g(resolution)h(algorithms.)61 b(In)33 b(our)h(model,)i(the)e(adjacent)i(dialogue)g(act)d(constitutes)k(the)75 4689 y(domain)25 b(where)f Fe(potential)i Fi(antecedents)h(for)d(both)h (indi)n(vidual)i(and)d(discourse-deictic)29 b(anaphors)d(can)e(be)g (found.)75 4802 y(F)o(or)h(discourse-deictic)31 b(reference)e(this)d (is)g(in)g(accordance)j(with)d(the)h(right-frontier)j(rule)c(\(W)-7 b(ebber)l(,)28 b(1991\).)38 b(Re-)75 4915 y(stricting)27 b(the)f(antecedent)i(domain)e(to)f(a)g(single)i(dialogue)g(act)f(in)f (combination)j(with)d(information)j(supplied)f(by)75 5028 y(the)d(predicate)i(of)d(the)h(discourse-deictic)29 b(anaphor)c(is)f(used)g(to)f(determine)j(the)e Fe(actual)h Fi(antecedent.)216 5141 y(Instead)f(of)f(assuming)h(that)f(all)f(le)n (v)o(els)h(of)g(abstract)h(objects)g(are)f(introduced)i(to)e(the)f (discourse)j(model)e(by)g(the)75 5254 y(sentence)29 b(that)f(mak)o(es)f (them)g(a)n(v)n(ailable,)j(it)d(has)g(been)h(suggested)i(that)d (anaphoric)j(discourse-deictic)i(reference)75 5367 y(in)l(v)n(olv)o(es) i(referent)f Fe(coer)m(cion)g Fi(\(W)-7 b(ebber)l(,)35 b(1991;)h(Asher)l(,)e(1993;)j(Dahl)31 b(&)g(Hellman,)i(1995\).)54 b(This)31 b(assumption)75 5479 y(is)k(further)i(justi\002ed)f(by)f(the) h(f)o(act)f(that)h(discourse-deictic)k(reference,)g(as)35 b(opposed)j(to)d(indi)n(vidual)j(anaphoric)75 5592 y(reference,)26 b(is)d(often)h(established)j(by)d(demonstrati)n(v)o(es)i(rather)f(than) f(pronouns.)1890 5841 y(1)p eop %%Page: 2 2 2 1 bop 216 399 a Fi(A)20 b(further)i(13.2\045)e(of)h(the)g(anaphors)i (are)d(v)n(ague,)i(in)f(the)g(sense)g(that)h(the)e(speak)o(er)j(does)e (not)g(refer)h(to)e(a)g(speci\002c)75 511 y(linguistic)j(object)e(b)n (ut)g(appears)h(to)e(be)g(commenting)i(on)f(the)f(general)i(discourse)h (topic)e(\(e)o(g)f Fd(It)p Fe(')l(s)h(awful)p Fi(.\))28 b(\(V)-10 b(agPro,)75 624 y(V)g(agDem\).)67 b(The)36 b(remaining)i(anaphors)h(constitute)g(a)d(particular)j(type)e(of)g (plural)g(pronoun)i(\(19.1\045\))e(which)75 737 y(indirectly)24 b(co-speci\002es)g(with)e(a)f(singular)i(antecedent)i(\(e)o(g)c Fe(In)h(Russia,)g Fd(they)g Fe(have)g(had)g(pr)l(oblems.)p Fi(\))30 b(\(Inferrable-)75 850 y(Ev)n(ok)o(ed)23 b(Pronoun)h(-)e (IEPro\).)28 b(These)22 b(last)h(tw)o(o)f(types)h(are)f(class\002ed)i (correctly)g(when)f(the)f(algorithm)i(f)o(ails)f(to)g(\002nd)75 963 y(an)h(compatible)h(antecedent)i(in)c(the)h(domain)g(speci\002ed)h (by)f(the)g(dialogue)i(acts.)75 1252 y Fj(3)119 b(Building)32 b(Synchr)n(onising)f(Units)g(fr)n(om)e(Dialogue)h(Acts)75 1459 y Fi(Our)25 b(hypothesis)k(is)c(that)h(the)g(attentional)j(state)e (of)e(the)h(discourse)i(participants)h(has)d(a)g(relation)h(to)f(the)g (dialogue)75 1572 y(acts,)35 b(which)e(are)f(used)i(by)e(speak)o(ers)j (to)d(indicate)j(that)e(common)f(ground)i(is)f(achie)n(v)o(ed.)57 b(These)32 b(assumptions)75 1685 y(are)d(based)h(on)f(the)h(\(Clark)f (&)f(Schaefer)l(,)k(1989\))e(theory)g(of)f(contrib)n(utions)k(\(cf)d (also)f(\(T)m(raum,)h(1994\)\).)46 b(In)29 b(their)75 1798 y(account)j(of)e(the)h(Centering)h(model)e(\(Grosz)h(et)f(al.,)h (1995\))g(in)g(dialogues,)j(\(Byron)d(&)e(Stent,)i(1998\))h(pro)o(vide) g(a)75 1911 y(summary)24 b(of)g(issues)g(that)h(need)f(to)f(be)h (addressed)i(when)e(analysing)i(spok)o(en)f(language:)75 2103 y Fd(Determination)f(of)g(utterance)g(boundaries.)46 b Fi(Most)27 b(anaphor)j(resolution)g(algorithms)g(require)f(the)f (utterance)302 2216 y(unit)33 b(as)f(a)f(domain)i(for)f(potential)i (antecedents.)58 b(In)32 b(spok)o(en)h(language,)j(annotators)f(must)d (use)h(criteria)302 2329 y(which)24 b(do)g(not)g(depend)h(on)f (punctuation.)75 2510 y Fd(Utterances)h(with)d(no)h(discourse)h (entities.)47 b Fi(Eg)20 b Fe(Uh-huh;)j(yeah;)f(right.)29 b Fi(\(Byron)21 b(&)f(Stent,)h(1998\))g(and)g(\(W)-7 b(alk)o(er)l(,)302 2623 y(1998\))27 b(assign)f(no)g(importance)h(to)e (such)h(utterances)i(in)d(their)h(models.)35 b(In)25 b(our)h(model)f(these)i(constitute)h(a)302 2735 y(speci\002c)d(type)f (of)f(dialogue)j(act)e(which)g(is)f(used)i(to)e(ackno)n(wledge)j(a)d (preceding)j(utterance.)75 2916 y Fd(Center)d(of)h(attention)g(in)e (multi-party)j(discourse.)46 b Fi(The)27 b(participants)k(of)c(a)f (dialogue)k(may)d(not)g(be)h(focussing)302 3029 y(on)e(the)f(same)g (entity)i(at)e(a)g(gi)n(v)o(en)h(point)g(in)f(the)h(discourse.)36 b(Dialogue)27 b(acts)f(functioning)j(as)c(ackno)n(wledg-)302 3142 y(ments)f(can)g(indicate)i(which)e(entities)h(ha)n(v)o(e)f(been)g (entered)i(into)e(the)g(joint)g(discourse)i(model.)216 3334 y(W)-7 b(e)19 b(thus)i(assume)f(that)h(the)f(establishment)j(of)d (common)g(ground)i(is)e(indicated)i(by)e(dialogue)i(acts)f(and)f(af)n (fects)75 3447 y(the)30 b(operations)i(for)e(adding)h(and)f(remo)o (ving)h(discourse)h(entities)g(from)d(the)h(representation)k(of)29 b(the)h(attentional)75 3560 y(state,)36 b(in)c(our)i(model)f(the)g (list)g(of)g(salient)h(discourse)i(entities)f(\(S-list,)g(cf)e (\(Strube,)i(1998\)\).)58 b(W)-7 b(e)32 b(di)n(vide)i(each)75 3673 y(dialogue)28 b(into)f(short,)g(clearly)g(de\002ned)g(dialogue)h (acts)f(\226)e(Initiations)k Fd(I)d Fi(and)g(Ackno)n(wledgments)j Fd(A)24 b Fi(\226)i(based)h(on)75 3786 y(the)33 b(top)h(of)e(the)i (hierarchy)h(gi)n(v)o(en)e(in)g(\(Carletta)h(et)f(al.,)i(1997\).)58 b(Each)33 b(sentence)i(and)e(each)h(conjoined)i(clause)75 3899 y(counts)27 b(as)e(a)g(separate)i Fd(I)p Fi(,)d(e)n(v)o(en)i(if)f (the)o(y)g(are)h(part)g(of)f(the)g(same)g(turn.)35 b Fd(A)p Fi(')-5 b(s)25 b(do)g(not)g(con)l(v)o(e)o(y)i(semantic)g (content)g(b)n(ut)75 4012 y(ha)n(v)o(e)g(a)e(pragmatic)j(function)h (\(e)o(g)d(backchannel\).)40 b(In)26 b(addition)i(there)f(are)g (utterances)h(which)f(function)h(as)e(an)g Fd(A)75 4125 y Fi(b)n(ut)e(also)g(ha)n(v)o(e)g(semantic)h(content)h(\226)d(these)h (are)g(labelled)i(as)d Fd(A/I)p Fi(.)216 4237 y(A)j(single)i Fd(I)e Fi(and)h(an)g Fd(A)f Fi(jointly)i(form)f(a)f Fe(Sync)o(hr)l (onising)31 b(Unit)26 b(\(SU\))p Fi(.)h(Single)g Fd(I)p Fi(')-5 b(s)27 b(in)f(longer)j(turns)e(constitute)75 4350 y Fd(SU)p Fi(')-5 b(s)29 b(by)g(themselv)o(es)j(and)e(do)f(not)h (require)h(e)o(xplicit)h(ackno)n(wledgment.)49 b(The)30 b(assumption)h(is)f(that)g(by)g(letting)75 4463 y(the)h(speak)o(er)j (continue,)h(the)c(hearer)i(implicitly)g(ackno)n(wledges)h(the)d (utterance.)54 b(It)31 b(is)g(only)h(in)f(the)h(conte)o(xt)g(of)75 4576 y(turn-taking)k(that)d Fd(I)p Fi(')-5 b(s)33 b(and)f Fd(A)p Fi(')-5 b(s)32 b(are)h(paired)h(up.)56 b(The)32 b Fd(SU)p Fi(')-5 b(s)31 b(ha)n(v)o(e)j(tw)o(o)e(functions.)58 b(Firstly)-6 b(,)35 b(the)o(y)e(are)g(used)g(to)75 4689 y(indicate)f(at)d(which)h(point)h(the)f(S-list)f(is)h(cleaned)h(up:)42 b(after)30 b(each)g Fd(SU)p Fi(,)e(discourse)k(entities)g(not)e(e)n(v)n (ok)o(ed)h(in)f(this)75 4802 y Fd(SU)23 b Fi(are)h(remo)o(v)o(ed)h (from)g(the)f(list.)32 b(The)24 b(second)i(point)g(is)e(crucial)i(to)e (our)h(hypothesis)i(that)e(common)g(ground)h(has)75 4915 y(an)h(in\003uence)h(on)f(attentional)j(state.)39 b(W)-7 b(e)26 b(assume)h(that)h(only)f(entities)i(in)d(a)h(complete)h Fd(SU)d Fi(are)i(entered)i(into)e(the)75 5028 y(common)h(ground)h(and)f (remain)g(in)g(the)g(S-list)f(for)h(the)g(duration)i(of)d(a)g(further)i Fd(SU)p Fi(.)d(If)h(at)h(a)f(turn)h(transition,)j(one)75 5141 y(speak)o(er')-5 b(s)30 b Fd(I)c Fi(is)h(not)h(ackno)n(wledged)i (by)d(the)h(other)g(participant)i(it)d(cannot)i(be)e(included)i(in)e (an)h Fd(SU)p Fi(.)d(In)i(this)h(case)75 5254 y(the)23 b(discourse)j(entities)e(mentioned)h(in)e(the)g(unackno)n(wledged)k Fd(I)22 b Fi(are)h(added)i(to)d(the)i(S-List)e(b)n(ut)h(are)g (immediately)75 5367 y(deleted)30 b(again)f(when)f(the)g(subsequent)j Fd(I)d Fi(sho)n(ws)g(that)h(the)o(y)f(are)h(not)f(part)h(of)f(the)g (common)h(ground.)44 b(In)28 b(\(2\))g(the)75 5479 y Fe(it)e Fi(in)g(B.51)g(co-speci\002es)j(with)d Fe(sports)i(car)e Fi(from)h(B.49.)36 b(and)27 b(not)g(the)f(most)h(recent)g(b)n(ut)g (unackno)n(wledged)j Fe(your)75 5592 y(driving)25 b Fi(in)f(A.50.)k (The)23 b(latter)i(immediately)g(deleted)g(from)f(the)f(S-List.)1890 5841 y(2)p eop %%Page: 3 3 3 2 bop 160 399 a Fh(\(2\))44 b Ff(SU)408 411 y Fg(i)519 399 y Ff(I)166 b Fh(B.49:)67 b(It')-5 b(s)21 b(kind)e(of)h(a)h(sports)f (coupe,)e(guess)j(a)f(little)h(sports)f(car)m(,)g(b)n(ut)g(\226)967 498 y Ff(S-List:)25 b([car])302 598 y(\226)175 b(A/I)83 b Fh(A.50:)62 b(Y)-9 b(ou)19 b(do)h(most)g(of)g(your)f(dri)n(ving,)967 697 y Ff(S-List:)25 b([car)-8 b(,)20 b(y)n(our)g(dri)o(ving])302 797 y(SU)408 809 y Fg(j)519 797 y Ff(I)166 b Fh(B.51:)67 b(\226)20 b Ff(it)h Fh(does)f(pretty)f(good.)967 897 y Ff(S-List:)25 b([car])519 996 y(A/I)83 b Fh(A.52:)62 b(Y)-9 b(ou)19 b(do)h(most)g(of)g(your)f(dri)n(ving)g(in)h(the)g (city?\(sw2326\))75 1289 y Fj(4)119 b(The)31 b(Algorithm)75 1496 y Fi(The)20 b(method)h(for)g(resolving)i(anaphors)g(in)d(spok)o (en)j(dialogue)f(is)f(based)g(on)g(the)g(algorithm)h(described)h(by)e (\(Strube,)75 1609 y(1998\).)44 b(In)28 b(our)h(method)g(discourse)h (entities)g(are)f(also)g(added)g(to)f(the)h(S-list)f(\()p Fe(salience)j(list)p Fi(\))e(immediately)g(after)75 1722 y(the)o(y)24 b(are)f(encountered.)32 b(The)23 b(order)i(of)e(the)h (list)f(is)h(based)g(on)g(the)f(information)j(status)f(of)e(the)h (discourse)i(entities,)75 1835 y(basically)f Fe(hear)m(er)n(-old)j Fi(discourse)e(entities)e(are)f(preferred)j(o)o(v)o(er)c Fe(hear)m(er)n(-ne)o(w)j Fi(ones)f(\(cf)f(\(Prince,)g(1981\))h(for)f (these)75 1948 y(terms\).)49 b(At)30 b(the)g(end)h(of)f(each)h(SU)e (all)h(discourse)j(entities)f(which)f(are)g(not)f(realized)i(in)f(this) f(SU)f(are)i(remo)o(v)o(ed)75 2060 y(from)f(the)h(S-list.)49 b(This)30 b(means)h(that)g(the)g(e)o(xtension)h(and)f(classi\002cation) i(of)e(the)f(dialogue)j(acts)e(determine)h(the)75 2173 y(set)f(of)g(potential)i(antecedents)i(of)30 b(an)h(anaphor)-5 b(.)53 b(A)30 b(major)i(e)o(xtension)h(to)e(the)g(algorithm)i(is)d(a)h (method)h(for)f(the)75 2286 y(classi\002cation)26 b(of)e(dif)n(ferent)h (types)g(of)e(pronouns)k(and)d(demonstrati)n(v)o(es.)216 2399 y(The)g(algorithm)i(consists)h(of)d(tw)o(o)g(branches,)i(one)f (for)g(pronouns)i(and)d(the)h(other)g(for)g(demonstrati)n(v)o(es.)34 b(Both)75 2512 y(of)27 b(them)g(call)h(the)f(functions)i Fe(r)m(esolveInd)h Fi(and)e Fe(r)m(esolveDD)p Fi(,)f(which)g(resolv)o (e)i(indi)n(vidual)g(and)f(discourse-deictic)75 2625 y(anaphora,)39 b(respecti)n(v)o(ely)-6 b(.)65 b Fe(r)m(esolveInd)37 b Fi(consists)f(only)g(of)e(a)g(search)i(through)h(the)d(S-list)h(for)g (a)f(matching)i(an-)75 2738 y(tecedent)29 b(\(with)d(respect)i(to)f (gender)h(and)f(number\))g(as)g(described)i(by)d(\(Strube,)i(1998\).)39 b Fe(r)m(esolveDD)27 b Fi(consists)h(of)75 2851 y(a)c(search)i(through) h(a)d(dif)n(ferent)j(list)e(\226)f(the)h(A-List,)f(which)h(we)f(assume) i(holds)g(the)f(abstract)h(objects)h(which)e(ha)n(v)o(e)75 2964 y(pre)n(viously)h(been)e(referred)h(to)e(by)g(discourse-deictic)28 b(anaphors.)j(Lik)o(e)23 b(the)h(S-List,)e(the)i(A-List)e(is)h(cleaned) i(up)e(at)75 3077 y(the)h(end)g(of)f(each)i(SU)c(\226)j(referents)h (which)f(were)g(not)g(referred)h(to)e(again)i(are)e(remo)o(v)o(ed.)216 3190 y(The)31 b(classi\002cation)j(depends)g(in)d(part)h(on)f(the)h (predicati)n(v)o(e)i(conte)o(xt)e(of)g(the)f(anaphor)-5 b(.)54 b(W)-7 b(e)31 b(de\002ne)g(that)h(an)75 3302 y(anaphor)26 b(is)f Fe(I-incompatible)i Fi(\(cannot)g(refer)e(to)f(an)g(indi)n (vidual)j(object\))f(or)f Fe(A-incompatible)i Fi(\(cannot)f(refer)f(to) f(an)75 3415 y(abstract)j(object\))f(if)e(it)h(occurs)h(in)e(one)i(of)e (the)h(conte)o(xts)i(described)g(in)d(T)-7 b(able)25 b(1.)32 b(If)24 b(an)h(anaphor)i(is)d(neither)i Fe(I-)f Fi(nor)75 3528 y Fe(A-incompatible)p Fi(,)h(the)e(classi\002cation)i (depends)g(on)e(the)f(success)j(of)d(the)h(resolution)i(algorithm.)75 3705 y Ff(I-Incompatible)d(\(*I\))f Fh(Anaphors)f(in)i(the)f (x-position)f Fc(can-)75 3804 y(not)f Fh(refer)f(to)i(indi)n(vidual,)d (concrete)h(entities.)215 3979 y Fl(\017)45 b Fh(Equating)e (constructions)f(where)i(a)h(pronominal)302 4078 y(referent)17 b(is)i(equated)e(with)i(an)f(abstract)g(object,)g(e)o(g)g Fc(x)302 4178 y(is)j(making)f(it)g(easy)-5 b(,)21 b(x)g(is)g(a)f(sug)o (g)o(estion.)215 4327 y Fl(\017)45 b Fh(Copula)51 b(constructions)e (whose)h(adjecti)n(v)o(es)g(can)302 4427 y(only)17 b(be)h(applied)f(to) i(abstract)e(entities,)i(e)o(g)f Fc(x)g(is)h(true)o(,)302 4527 y(x)i(is)g(false)o(,)g(x)f(is)h(corr)m(ect,)f(x)h(is)g(right)215 4676 y Fl(\017)45 b Fh(Ar)o(guments)58 b(of)i(propositional)e(attitude) h(v)o(erbs)302 4776 y(which)19 b Fc(only)f Fh(tak)o(e)h (S'-complements,)e(e)o(g)h Fc(assume)h(x.)215 4925 y Fl(\017)45 b Fh(Object)20 b(of)g Fc(do)g Fh(\()p Fc(do)f(x.)p Fh(\))215 5075 y Fl(\017)45 b Fh(Predicate)29 b(or)f(anaphoric)f (referent)h(is)i(a)f(\223reason\224,)302 5174 y(e)o(g)20 b Fc(x)h(is)g(because)e(I)h(lik)o(e)h(her)-9 b(,)20 b(x)h(is)g(why)f (he')m(s)g(late)o(.)2012 3705 y Ff(A-Incompatible)45 b(\(*A\))g Fh(Anaphors)f(in)i(the)g(x-position)2012 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b(pronoun)j(is)d(classi\002ed)i(as)e Fe(IPr)l(o)p Fi(,)h(if)f(unsuccessful,)36 b(the)30 b(function)j Fe(r)m(esolveDD)e Fi(attempts)g(to)75 3043 y(resolv)o(e)d(the)e (pronoun)j(\(4\).)37 b(If)25 b(this,)j(in)e(turn,)h(is)f(successful,)k (the)c(pronoun)j(is)d(classi\002ed)h(as)f Fe(DDPr)l(o)p Fi(,)g(if)g(it)g(is)g(un-)75 3156 y(successful)d(it)d(is)g (classi\002ed)h(as)f Fe(V)-10 b(a)o(gPr)l(o)p Fi(,)21 b(indicating)i(that)d(the)h(pronoun)h(cannot)g(be)e(resolv)o(ed)i (using)f(the)g(linguistic)75 3269 y(conte)o(xt.)39 b(The)26 b(procedure)j(is)d(similar)i(in)e(the)h(case)g(of)f(demonstrati)n(v)o (es)k(\(T)-7 b(able)26 b(3\).)38 b(The)26 b(only)h(dif)n(ference)i (being)75 3382 y(that)24 b(the)f(antecedent)j(of)d(a)g(demonstrati)n(v) o(e)j(is)d(preferentially)k(an)c(abstract)i(object)g(and)e(\(3\))h(and) f(\(4\))h(are)f(re)n(v)o(ersed.)216 3495 y(3rd)e(person)i(masculine)f (or)f(feminine)h(pronouns)h(are)e(resolv)o(ed)i(directly)f(by)f(a)f (look-up)j(in)e(the)g(S-list)g(as)f(these)75 3608 y(cannot)25 b(be)e(discourse-deictic.)34 b(3rd)24 b(person)h(plural)g(pronouns)h (which)d(can)h(be)g(resolv)o(ed)h(this)f(w)o(ay)f(are)h(classi\002ed)75 3720 y(as)f Fe(IPr)l(o)p Fi(,)g(if)h(the)o(y)g(cannot)h(be)e(resolv)o (ed,)i(the)o(y)f(are)g(mark)o(ed)g(as)g Fe(IEPr)l(o)p Fi(.)75 4012 y Fj(5)119 b(Empirical)31 b(Ev)o(aluation)75 4219 y Fi(Our)26 b(data)i(consisted)h(of)d(\002)n(v)o(e)g(randomly)i (selected)h(dialogues)g(from)e(the)g(Switchboard)h(corpus)g(of)f(spok)o (en)h(tele-)75 4332 y(phone)k(con)l(v)o(ersations)i(\(LDC,)29 b(1993\).)50 b(T)-7 b(w)o(o)30 b(dialogues)j(were)d(used)h(to)f(train)i (the)e(tw)o(o)g(annotators)k(\(SW2041,)75 4445 y(SW4877\),)24 b(and)g(three)g(further)h(dialogues)i(for)c(testing)j(\(SW2403,)d (SW3117,)h(SW3241\).)75 4689 y Fd(Dialogue)19 b(Acts.)91 b Fi(First,)19 b(turns)g(were)f(se)o(gmented)i(into)e(dialogue)j(act)d (units.)28 b(F)o(or)17 b(the)i(purpose)h(of)e(applying)i(the)f Fb(\024)75 4802 y Fi(statistic)j(\(Carletta,)g(1996\))g(we)e(turned)i (the)e(se)o(gmentation)j(task)f(into)f(a)f(classi\002cation)j(task)e (by)f(using)i(boundaries)75 4915 y(between)38 b(dialogue)i(acts)d(as)g (one)h(class)g(and)f(non-boundaries)42 b(as)37 b(the)h(other)g(\(see)f (\(P)o(assonneau)j(&)c(Litman,)75 5028 y(1997\))28 b(for)g(a)e(similar) i(practice\).)42 b(Percent)28 b(agreement)g(\(P)-8 b(A\))26 b(between)i(the)g(annotators)i(w)o(as)c(98.35\045,)j(and)e Fb(\024)32 b Fa(=)75 5141 y(0)p Fb(:)p Fa(92)p Fi(,)27 b(indicating)h(high)e(reliability)j(of)c(the)h(annotations.)38 b(These)26 b(dialogue)i(act)e(units)h(were)e(then)h(classi\002ed)i (into)75 5254 y(Initiations)k(\(I\),)e(Ackno)n(wledgments)i(\(A\),)c (Ackno)n(wledgment/Initiation)q(s)35 b(\(A/I\),)29 b(and)h(no)f (dialogue)j(act)e(\(No\).)75 5367 y(F)o(or)d(this)i(test)g(we)f(used)h (only)g(those)h(dialogue)g(act)f(units)g(which)g(the)f(annotators)k (agreed)e(about.)44 b(The)28 b(P)-8 b(A)26 b(o)o(v)o(er)75 5479 y(labels)34 b(gi)n(v)o(en)g(to)f(the)g(dialogue)i(act)e(units)h(w) o(as)f(92.6\045,)i Fb(\024)43 b Fa(=)g(0)p Fb(:)p Fa(87)p Fi(,)36 b(again)d(indicating)j(that)e(it)e(is)h(possible)i(to)75 5592 y(annotate)26 b(these)e(classes)h(reliably)-6 b(.)1890 5841 y(4)p eop %%Page: 5 5 5 4 bop 75 399 a Fd(Indi)o(vidual)40 b(and)f(Abstract)j(Object)e (Anaphora.)90 b Fi(F)o(or)40 b(the)h(classi\002cation)j(of)c(pronouns)j (\(IPro,)i(DDPro,)75 511 y(V)-10 b(agPro,)35 b(IEPro\))d(a)h(P)-8 b(A)31 b(of)h(87.5\045)h(w)o(as)g(measured,)j Fb(\024)43 b Fa(=)g(0)p Fb(:)p Fa(81)p Fi(.)57 b(F)o(or)32 b(the)i (classi\002cation)h(of)e(demonstrati)n(v)o(es)75 624 y(\(IDem,)23 b(DDDem,)e(V)-10 b(agDem\))23 b(P)-8 b(A)22 b(w)o(as)h(90.78\045,)h Fb(\024)h Fa(=)g(0)p Fb(:)p Fa(80)p Fi(.)75 863 y Fd(Co-Indexation)33 b(of)g(Anaphora.)90 b Fi(W)-7 b(e)32 b(used)h(only)g(those)h(anaphors)h(whose)e (classi\002cation)i(both)e(annotators)75 975 y(agreed)f(upon.)51 b(The)30 b(annotators)k(then)d(mark)o(ed)g(the)g(antecedents)j(and)d (co-inde)o(x)o(ed)i(them)e(with)f(the)h(anaphors.)75 1088 y(The)20 b(results)i(were)e(compared)i(and)f(the)g(annotators)i (agreed)f(upon)f(a)f(reconciled)j(v)o(ersion)f(of)e(the)h(data.)28 b(Annotator)75 1201 y(accurac)o(y)c(w)o(as)f(then)g(measured)h(against) g(the)f(reconciled)i(v)o(ersion.)30 b(Accurac)o(y)24 b(ranged)g(from)e(98.4\045)h(\(Annotator)75 1314 y(A\))g(to)g(96.1\045) h(\(Annotator)h(B\))e(for)h(indi)n(vidual)i(anaphors)g(and)e(from)f (85.7\045)h(to)f(94.3\045)h(for)f(abstract)j(anaphors.)216 1427 y(W)-7 b(e)17 b(used)i(the)g(reconciled)h(v)o(ersion)g(of)e(the)g (annotation)j(as)d(the)h(k)o(e)o(y)f(for)g(the)h(indi)n(vidual)h(and)f (abstract)h(anaphora)75 1540 y(resolution)25 b(algorithms.)31 b(F)o(or)21 b(indi)n(vidual)k(anaphors)g(Precision)f(w)o(as)e(66.2\045) h(and)f(Recall)h(68.2\045,)g(for)f(discourse-)75 1653 y(deictic)k(anaphors)g(Precision)g(w)o(as)e(63.6\045)g(and)h(Recall)g (70\045.)30 b(The)24 b(lo)n(w)f(v)n(alue)i(for)g(precision)i(indicates) f(that)f(the)75 1766 y(classi\002cation)f(did)d(not)h(perform)g(v)o 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b(to)i(Abstr)o(act)f(Objects.)g Fh(Dordrecht:)j(Kluwer)-5 b(.)75 2923 y(Byron,)24 b(D.)g(&)g(A.)g(Stent)g(\(1998\).)39 b(A)25 b(preliminary)d(model)h(of)g(centering)g(in)h(dialog.)40 b(In)24 b Fc(Pr)l(oc.)f(of)i(COLING-A)n(CL-98)p Fh(,)e(pp.)257 3023 y(1475\2261477.)75 3157 y(Carletta,)18 b(J.)f(\(1996\).)j (Assessing)e(agreement)d(on)h(classi\002cation)h(tasks:)25 b(The)16 b(kappa)g(statistic.)23 b Fc(Computational)15 b(Linguistics)p Fh(,)257 3256 y(22\(2\):249\226254.)75 3390 y(Carletta,)30 b(J.,)g(A.)f(Isard,)g(S.)f(Isard,)i(J.)e(K)m(o)n (wtk)o(o,)h(G.)g(Doherty-Sneddon)23 b(&)29 b(A.)f(Anderson)e(\(1997\).) 52 b(The)28 b(reliability)f(of)h(a)257 3490 y(dialogue)18 b(structure)i(coding)e(scheme.)29 b Fc(Computational)18 b(Linguistics)p Fh(,)i(23\(1\):13\22631.)75 3624 y(Clark,)g(H.)g(H.)h (&)f(E.)g(F)-7 b(.)22 b(Schaefer)d(\(1989\).)27 b(Contrib)n(uting)18 b(to)i(discourse.)29 b Fc(Co)o(gnitive)19 b(Science)p Fh(,)h(13:259\226294.)75 3758 y(Dahl,)306 3738 y(\250)290 3758 y(Osten.)30 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