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y(on)k(the)g(use)h(and)e(interpretation)g(of)h(third)f (person)g(personal)g(pronouns)f(to)j(realize)540 970 y(anaphoric)26 b(relationships)h(between)h(noun)e(phrases.)49 b(W)-7 b(e)29 b(ha)n(v)o(e)f(tw)o(o)h(speci\002c)f(goals.)540 1070 y(The)18 b(\002rst)g(is)h(inspired)f(by)f(the)h(central)g(idea)g (of)f(Centering)g(theory)g(\(Grosz)h(et)g(al.)h(1995\),)540 1169 y(namely)-5 b(,)32 b(that)f(each)g(utterance)f(in)h(a)h(discourse) e(e)n(v)n(ok)o(es)g(certain)h(discourse)f(entities)540 1269 y(\(W)-7 b(ebber)23 b(1978;)e(Prince)i(1981\))f(which)h(comprise)f (the)h(list)h(of)f Fr(forwar)m(d-looking)e(cen-)540 1369 y(ter)o(s)g Fs(\(the)e Fq(C)6 b(f)j Fs(-list\),)20 b(in)g(Centering)f (terms,)h(and)f(which)g(are)h(rank)o(ed)e(according)g(to)i(their)540 1468 y(salience.)46 b(The)27 b(anaphoric)e(relationships)h(in)h(the)g (local)h(discourse)e(se)o(gment)g(\(Grosz)540 1568 y(and)17 b(Sidner)f(1986\))f(are)j(dependent)c(on)j(the)g Fq(C)6 b(f)j Fs(-list)18 b(ranking,)e(in)h(that)g(the)g(more)g(highly)540 1668 y(rank)o(ed)g(entities)i(in)g(an)g(utterance)e(are)i(more)f(lik)o (ely)h(to)f(be)h(talk)o(ed)f(about)g(in)h(the)g(follo)n(w-)540 1767 y(ing)g(utterance.)24 b(In)m(v)o(estigation)17 b(of)i(the)h(f)o (actors)f(that)h(determine)e(the)h Fq(C)6 b(f)j Fs(-list)21 b(ranking)c(\226)540 1867 y(which)22 b(ha)n(v)o(e)h(not)f(yet)h(been)f (completely)f(speci\002ed)i(\226)g(has,)g(therefore,)f(constituted)g (an)540 1966 y(important)17 b(aspect)h(of)g(the)g(research)f(for)g (Centering)h(theory)e(in)j(particular)m(,)d(and)i(for)f(dis-)540 2066 y(course)f(anaphora)f(in)i(general.)23 b(Furthermore,)15 b(crosslinguistic)i(research)f(has)h(re)n(v)o(ealed)540 2166 y(that)i(this)g(ranking)e(is)i(dependent)d(on)j(language)d (speci\002c)j(f)o(actors)f(\(W)-7 b(alk)o(er)19 b(et)g(al.)g(1994;)540 2265 y(T)l(uran)g(1995;)f(Strube)h(and)g(Hahn)g(1999,)g(among)f (others\).)24 b(Our)19 b(purpose)f(here)h(is)i(to)f(in-)540 2365 y(v)o(estigate)i(such)g(f)o(actors)g(in)h(Hindi,)g(with)g(special) f(focus)g(on)h(the)f(role)h(of)f(grammatical)540 2465 y(function,)16 b(w)o(ord)h(order)m(,)g(and)g(information)e(status.)25 b(W)-7 b(e)19 b(also)f(propose)e(a)i(no)o(v)o(el,)f(general)540 2564 y(method)i(for)g(determining)f(these)j(ranking)d(f)o(actors.)690 2664 y(Centering)k(theory)g(has)i(also)g(guided)d(the)j(de)n(v)o (elopment)c(of)j(pronoun)e(resolution)540 2763 y(algorithms,)e(such)h (as)h(the)f(BFP)h(algorithm)e(and)h(the)g(algorithm)f(de)n(v)o(eloped)e (by)j(Strube)540 2863 y(\(1998,)f(henceforth,)f(S-list)j(algorithm\).)k (Both)20 b(algorithms)g(re)o(gard)e(the)j(notion)e(of)i(rel-)540 2963 y(ati)n(v)o(e)c(salience)g(to)g(be)g(crucial)g(for)f(the)h (resolution)f(of)h(pronouns,)e(and)h(in)h(order)f(to)i(apply)540 3062 y(these)j(algorithms)f(for)h(pronoun)d(resolution)i(in)h(an)o(y)f (language,)g(the)h(\002rst)h(task)f(is)h(to)g(be)540 3162 y(able)k(to)g(determine)f(the)h Fq(C)6 b(f)j Fs(-list)26 b(ranking)f(criteria)g(for)h(that)g(language.)41 b(Our)25 b(second)540 3262 y(goal,)i(therefore,)f(is)h(to)f(apply)g(these)g (algorithms)f(to)h(the)h(resolution)e(of)h(pronouns)d(in)540 3361 y(Hindi)h(te)o(xts)f(by)h(incorporating)d(the)i(results)i(of)e (our)g(analysis)h(of)g(relati)n(v)o(e)f(salience)g(in)540 3461 y(Hindi.)44 b(In)26 b(doing)f(so,)k(we)e(sho)n(w)f(that)h(the)f (BFP)i(algorithm)d(cannot)h(be)g(successfully)540 3560 y(implemented)19 b(for)i(pronoun)d(resolution)i(in)h(Hindi)g(and)g (that,)g(in)g(f)o(act,)h(the)f(same)g(prob-)p 540 3646 1032 4 v 639 3691 a Fp(\003)674 3723 y Fo(W)-6 b(e)29 b(w)o(ould)g(lik)o(e)g(to)g(thank)g(Jennifer)g(Arnold,)i(Miriam)e(Eck)o (ert,)i(Ara)o(vind)e(Joshi,)i(Kathy)540 3815 y(McCo)o(y)-5 b(,)38 b(Ellen)33 b(Prince,)k(and)d(an)f(anon)o(ymous)j(re)n(vie)n(wer) e(for)f(their)g(in)m(v)n(aluable)i(comments.)540 3906 y(This)24 b(w)o(ork)h(w)o(as)g(partially)f(funded)i(by)f(a)g (post-doctoral)h(fello)n(wship)e(from)h(IRCS)f(\(NSF)f(SBR)540 3997 y(8920230\).)3099 4198 y Fr(.)p eop %%Page: 2 2 2 1 bop 540 -230 a Fs(2)577 b Fo(RASHMI)18 b(PRASAD)g(&)h(MICHAEL)f (STR)m(UBE)540 90 y Fs(lems)27 b(e)o(xtend)e(straightforw)o(ardly)e(to) j(an)h(implementation)d(of)i(this)g(algorithm)f(in)h(an)o(y)540 190 y(other)18 b(language.)23 b(W)-7 b(e)20 b(ar)o(gue)d(that)i(better) f(results)i(can)e(be)h(obtained)e(with)i(an)g(algorithm)540 289 y(that)e(does)g(not)g(use)h(the)f(Centering)g(notions)f(of)h(the)g Fr(bac)n(kwar)m(d-looking)d(center)k Fs(and)f(the)540 389 y Fr(centering)23 b(tr)o(ansitions)g Fs(for)g(the)g(computation)e (of)j(pronominal)d(antecedents,)i(such)g(as)540 489 y(the)d(S-list)h (algorithm)e(proposed)f(by)i(Strube)f(\(1998\).)690 588 y(Section)i(2)g(presents)g(a)g(brief)g(o)o(v)o(ervie)n(w)e(of)i (Centering)f(theory)-5 b(.)26 b(In)21 b(Section)g(3,)g(we)540 688 y(present)e(our)g(method)g(for)g(determining)f(relati)n(v)o(e)h (salience,)h(and)f(sho)n(w)h(that)g Fr(gr)o(ammat-)540 788 y(ical)28 b(function)f Fs(is)i(a)g(crucial)e(f)o(actor)h(for)f (ranking)g(discourse)g(entities)i(in)f(Hindi,)h(with)540 887 y(w)o(ord)c(order)g(and)g(information)e(status)j(ha)n(ving)f(no)g (independent)e(ef)n(fect)j(on)f(salience.)540 987 y(In)h(Section)g(4,)h (we)g(present)f(the)g(BFP)h(algorithm)e(and)h(discuss)g(the)h(problems) d(that)j(it)540 1086 y(presents)20 b(for)g(pronoun)e(resolution,)h (using)h(e)o(xamples)f(from)h(Hindi)g(as)h(an)f(illustration.)540 1186 y(In)j(Section)g(5,)h(we)g(describe)f(the)g(S-list)i(algorithm)d (and)h(adapt)f(it)j(to)e(results)h(obtained)540 1286 y(for)c(Hindi.)25 b(Finally)-5 b(,)20 b(in)g(Section)g(6,)h(we)f (compare)f(the)i(performance)c(of)j(the)h(tw)o(o)f(algo-)540 1385 y(rithms)g(for)g(the)g(resolution)f(of)g(pronouns)f(in)j(Hindi)e (te)o(xts.)540 1611 y Fv(2)50 b(Centering)26 b(Theory)540 1820 y Fs(Centering)f(theory)g(is)i(a)g(model)e(of)h(local)g(discourse) f(coherence)f(and)i(mak)o(es)g(predic-)540 1920 y(tions)k(about)f(the)h (inference)e(load)i(placed)f(on)h(a)g(hearer)f(in)h(processing)f(a)h (discourse)540 2020 y(se)o(gment.)24 b(The)c(crucial)f(claims)i(of)f (the)g(theory)f(are)h(as)h(follo)n(ws:)607 2172 y Fn(\017)41 b Fs(Discourses)17 b(are)f(composed)f(of)i(constituent)f(se)o(gments,)g (each)h(one)f(of)g(which)g(con-)690 2272 y(sists)22 b(of)e(particular)f (utterances.)607 2425 y Fn(\017)41 b Fs(Each)15 b(utterance)f Fq(U)1258 2437 y Fm(i)1304 2425 y Fs(in)h(a)h(gi)n(v)o(en)e(discourse)g (se)o(gment)g(is)j(assigned)d(a)i(list)g(of)f Fr(forwar)m(d-)690 2525 y(looking)23 b(center)o(s)p Fs(,)k Fq(C)6 b(f)j Fl(\()p Fq(U)1464 2537 y Fm(i)1494 2525 y Fl(\))p Fs(,)27 b(where)d Fr(center)o(s)h Fs(are)g(semantic)f(entities)i(in)f(the)f (dis-)690 2625 y(course)19 b(model)h(\(W)-7 b(ebber)19 b(1978\).)607 2779 y Fn(\017)41 b Fs(Each)33 b(utterance)g(\(other)g (than)g(the)h(se)o(gment-initial)f(utterance\))f(is)j(assigned)e(a)690 2878 y(unique)19 b Fr(bac)n(kwar)m(d-looking)e(center)p Fs(,)j Fq(C)6 b(b)p Fl(\()p Fq(U)2005 2890 y Fm(i)2036 2878 y Fl(\))p Fs(.)2089 2848 y Fk(1)607 3032 y Fn(\017)41 b Fs(The)23 b(list)h(of)e Fr(forwar)m(d-looking)f(center)o(s)p Fs(,)j Fq(C)6 b(f)j Fl(\()p Fq(U)2122 3044 y Fm(i)2152 3032 y Fl(\))p Fs(,)24 b(is)g(rank)o(ed)e(according)e(to)j(dis-)690 3132 y(course)e(salience,)g(with)h(the)f(highest)g(rank)o(ed)f(element) h(of)g Fq(C)6 b(f)j Fl(\()p Fq(U)2630 3144 y Fm(i)2661 3132 y Fl(\))22 b Fs(being)f(called)690 3231 y(the)f Fr(pr)m(eferr)m(ed)g(center)p Fs(,)g Fq(C)6 b(p)p Fl(\()p Fq(U)1594 3243 y Fm(i)1625 3231 y Fl(\))21 b Fs(\(Brennan)e(et)i(al.)f (1987\).)607 3385 y Fn(\017)41 b Fs(The)17 b(most)h(highly)f(rank)o(ed) f(element)h(of)g Fq(C)6 b(f)j Fl(\()p Fq(U)2072 3397 y Fm(i)c Fj(\000)p Fm(1)2198 3385 y Fl(\))18 b Fs(that)g(is)h Fr(r)m(ealized)e Fs(in)h Fq(U)2896 3397 y Fm(i)2945 3385 y Fs(is)h(the)690 3485 y Fq(C)6 b(b)p Fl(\()p Fq(U)889 3497 y Fm(i)920 3485 y Fl(\))p Fs(.)973 3455 y Fk(2)p 540 3547 1032 4 v 640 3600 a Fi(1)674 3632 y Fo(The)29 b Fh(C)5 b(b)28 b Fo(corresponds)j(to)d(the)h(discourse)g(entity)g (that)f(the)h(utterance)g(is)f(most)h(centrally)540 3723 y(about,)19 b(and)h(is)e(similar)h(to)g(the)g(notion)g(of)g(the)g Fg(topic)g Fo(\(Reinhart)g(1981;)h(Horn)f(1986\).)640 3783 y Fi(2)674 3815 y Fo(An)28 b(utterance)h(U)f Fg(r)m(ealizes)g Fo(a)g(center)g(c)g(if)f(c)h(is)f(an)i(element)f(of)g(the)g(situation)g (described)540 3906 y(by)23 b(U,)f(or)g(c)h(is)f(the)g(interpretation)h (of)g(some)g(subpart)g(of)f(U;)g(a)h(center)g(is)f Fg(dir)m(ectly)g(r)m (ealized)i Fo(if)d(it)540 3997 y(corresponds)g(to)e(a)f(phrase)i(in)f (an)g(utterance)h(\(Grosz)f(et)f(al.)h(1995\).)p eop %%Page: 3 3 3 2 bop 746 -230 a Fo(DISCOURSE)17 b(SALIENCE)g(AND)h(PR)m(ONOUN)g (RESOLUTION)f(IN)h(HINDI)164 b Fs(3)690 90 y(The)22 b(theory)e (de\002nes)i(transition)f(relations)h(across)g(pairs)g(of)f(adjacent)g (utterances)540 190 y(\(see)30 b(T)-7 b(able)30 b(1,)j(tak)o(en)c(from) h(W)-7 b(alk)o(er)30 b(et)h(al.)f(\(1994\)\).)52 b(The)30 b(transitions)g(dif)n(fer)f(from)540 289 y(each)f(other)f(according)f (to)i(\(a\))g(whether)f Fq(C)6 b(b)p Fs(')-5 b(s)29 b(of)f(successi)n (v)o(e)g(utterances)f(are)h(equal)540 389 y(or)22 b(not,)f(and)h(\(b\)) f(whether)g(the)h Fq(C)6 b(b)22 b Fs(of)g(an)o(y)f(utterance)g (corresponds)e(to)j(the)g Fq(C)6 b(p)23 b Fs(of)e(that)540 489 y(utterance)e(or)h(not.)p 1320 685 4 100 v 1372 655 a Fq(C)6 b(b)p Fl(\()p Fq(U)1571 667 y Fm(i)1601 655 y Fl(\))21 b(=)g Fq(C)6 b(b)p Fl(\()p Fq(U)1939 667 y Fm(i)f Fj(\000)p Fm(1)2064 655 y Fl(\))p 2144 685 V 196 w Fq(C)h(b)p Fl(\()p Fq(U)2491 667 y Fm(i)2521 655 y Fl(\))22 b Fn(6)p Fl(=)p 1320 785 V 1398 755 a Fs(OR)f Fq(C)6 b(b)p Fl(\()p Fq(U)1733 767 y Fm(i)f Fj(\000)p Fm(1)1858 755 y Fl(\))21 b Fs(=)f([?])p 2144 785 V 216 w Fq(C)6 b(b)p Fl(\()p Fq(U)2486 767 y Fm(i)f Fj(\000)p Fm(1)2611 755 y Fl(\))p 875 788 1910 4 v 925 858 a Fq(C)h(b)p Fl(\()p Fq(U)1124 870 y Fm(i)1155 858 y Fl(\))21 b(=)p 1320 888 4 100 v 2144 888 V 925 957 a Fq(C)6 b(p)p Fl(\()p Fq(U)1130 969 y Fm(i)1161 957 y Fl(\))p 1320 987 V 1550 909 a Ff(C)t(O)t(N)t(T)t(I)t(N)t(U)t(E)p 2144 987 V 280 w(S)t(M)t(O)t(O)q(T)t(H)t Fs(-)t Ff(S)t(H)t(I)t(F)t(T)p 875 990 1910 4 v 925 1060 a Fq(C)g(b)p Fl(\()p Fq(U)1124 1072 y Fm(i)1155 1060 y Fl(\))21 b Fn(6)p Fl(=)p 1320 1090 4 100 v 2144 1090 V 925 1160 a Fq(C)6 b(p)p Fl(\()p Fq(U)1130 1172 y Fm(i)1161 1160 y Fl(\))p 1320 1190 V 1605 1111 a Ff(R)t(E)t(T)n(A)t(I)t(N)p 2144 1190 V 359 w(R)q(O)t(U)t(G)t(H)t Fs(-)t Ff(S)t(H)t(I)t(F)t(T)p 875 1193 1910 4 v 1406 1341 a Fs(T)-7 b(able)20 b(1:)25 b(T)m(ransition)19 b(T)-7 b(ypes)540 1553 y(The)27 b(theory)f(also)i(proposes)e(tw)o(o)i (rules,)h(violations)d(of)h(which)g(are)g(predicted)f(to)i(in-)540 1653 y(crease)20 b(the)g(hearer')-5 b(s)20 b(inference)e(load)i(for)g (the)g(interpreting)e(the)i(discourse)g(se)o(gment.)690 1807 y Fe(Rules:)26 b Fs(F)o(or)20 b(each)f(utterance,)g Fq(U)1661 1819 y Fm(i)1692 1807 y Fs(,)h(in)g(a)h(discourse)e(se)o (gment)h Fq(U)2573 1819 y Fm(1)2619 1807 y Fq(;)14 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(;)g Fd(U)2880 1819 y Fm(m)2944 1807 y Fs(:)607 1950 y(1)41 b(If)24 b(some)f(element)h(of)f Fq(C)6 b(f)j Fl(\()p Fq(U)1563 1962 y Fm(i)c Fj(\000)p Fm(1)1688 1950 y Fl(\))25 b Fs(is)g(realized)e(as)h(a)h(pronoun)c(in)j Fq(U)2723 1962 y Fm(i)2753 1950 y Fs(,)h(then)e(so)i(is)690 2050 y(the)20 b Fq(C)6 b(b)p Fl(\()p Fq(U)1011 2062 y Fm(i)1042 2050 y Fl(\))p Fs(.)607 2193 y(2)41 b(T)m(ransition)30 b(sequences)h(are)g(ordered.)58 b Ff(C)t(O)t(N)t(T)t(I)t(N)t(U)t(E)34 b Fq(>)g Ff(R)t(E)t(T)n(A)t(I)t(N)f Fq(>)h Ff(S)t(M)t(O)t(O)q(T)t(H)t Fs(-)692 2293 y Ff(S)t(H)t(I)t(F)t(T)23 b Fq(>)f Ff(R)q(O)t(U)t(G)t(H)t Fs(-)t Ff(S)t(H)t(I)t(F)t(T)r Fs(.)690 2447 y(One)c(indeterminate)f (part)h(of)h(the)f(theory)g(is)h(the)g(manner)e(in)i(which)f(the)g Fq(C)6 b(f)j Fs(-list)20 b(is)540 2546 y(rank)o(ed.)j(The)16 b(ranking)f(plays)i(a)h(crucial)e(role)h(as)h(it)g(determines)e(which)g (of)h(the)g(elements)540 2646 y(of)i Fq(C)6 b(f)j Fl(\()p Fq(U)842 2658 y Fm(i)c Fj(\000)p Fm(1)967 2646 y Fl(\))20 b Fs(realized)f(in)g Fq(U)1452 2658 y Fm(i)1503 2646 y Fs(will)h(be)f(the)g Fq(C)6 b(b)p Fl(\()p Fq(U)2070 2658 y Fm(i)2101 2646 y Fl(\))p Fs(,)20 b(upon)e(which)g(depends)g(the) i(cal-)540 2745 y(culation)g(of)h(the)g(transitions)f(across)h (adjacent)g(utterances)f(and)g(thus)h(of)g(the)g(inference)540 2845 y(load)f(for)f(interpretation.)540 3071 y Fv(3)50 b(Relati)o(v)o(e)24 b(Salience)i(in)f(Hindi)540 3280 y Fs(Crosslinguistic)34 b(research)f(within)g(the)h(frame)n(w)o(ork)e (of)h(Centering)g(theory)f(has)j(led)540 3380 y(to)30 b(the)f(speculation)g(that)g(languages)f(may)i(v)n(ary)e(with)i (respect)f(to)h(which)f(linguistic)540 3479 y(properties)h(af)n(fect)i (the)g(salience)g(of)f(discourse)g(entities.)2266 3449 y Fk(3)2364 3479 y Fs(F)o(or)h(instance,)i(Brennan)p 540 3546 1032 4 v 640 3600 a Fi(3)674 3632 y Fo(F)o(or)24 b(details)g(on)h(cross-linguistic)g(research)g(on)f(Centering,)i(see)e (Sidner)h(\(1979\),)h(Gordon)540 3723 y(et)h(al.)f(\(1993\),)j(Grosz)e (et)g(al.)f(\(1995\))i(for)f(English;)j(Di)d(Eugenio)g(\(1998\))h(for)f (Italian;)j(Prince)540 3815 y(\(1994\))e(for)f(Y)l(iddish;)k(Kame)o (yama)c(\(1985\),)j(W)-6 b(alk)o(er)27 b(et)f(al.)h(\(1994\))g(for)g (Japanese;)32 b(Hof)n(fman)540 3906 y(\(1998\),)25 b(T)m(uran)e (\(1995\))h(for)f(T)m(urkish;)i(Rambo)n(w)e(\(1993\),)i(Strube)e(and)h (Hahn)g(\(1999\))g(for)f(Ger)o(-)540 3997 y(man;)c(and)h(Dimitriadis)e (\(1996\))i(for)e(Greek.)978 4198 y Fg(U)n(.)h(P)-6 b(enn)19 b(W)-7 b(orking)20 b(P)-6 b(aper)o(s)20 b(in)e(Linguistics:)24 b(V)-8 b(olume)18 b(6.3,)h(2000,)h(pp.)j(189-208)p Fo(.)p eop %%Page: 4 4 4 3 bop 540 -230 a Fs(4)577 b Fo(RASHMI)18 b(PRASAD)g(&)h(MICHAEL)f (STR)m(UBE)540 90 y Fs(et)30 b(al.)f(\(1987\))e(assume)i(the)h(follo)n (wing)d(ranking)h(for)g(the)h Fq(C)6 b(f)j Fs(-list)30 b(in)f(English:)43 b Fr(sub-)540 190 y(ject)21 b Fq(>)f Fr(object)g Fq(>)h Fr(object2)e Fq(>)i Fr(other)f(subcate)m(gorized)f (functions)g Fq(>)i Fr(adjuncts)p Fs(.)j(W)-7 b(alk)o(er)540 289 y(et)19 b(al.)g(\(1994\))e(e)o(xtend)g(the)i Fr(Cf)p Fs(-ranking)e(criteria)h(for)g(Japanese)h(in)f(order)g(to)h(account)e (for)540 389 y(zero-pronouns,)c(topic-mark)o(ed)g(NPs)k(and)e(NPs)i (which)e(are)h(emphasized)e(by)i(empathy-)540 489 y(mark)o(ed)j(v)o (erbs.)k(The)o(y)c(propose)f(the)i(follo)n(wing)e(ranking)g(for)i (Japanese:)k Fr(topic)c(\(gr)o(am-)540 588 y(matical/zer)l(o\))g Fq(>)h Fr(empathy)f Fq(>)h Fr(subject)f Fq(>)h Fr(object)f Fq(>)h Fr(other\(s\))p Fs(.)26 b(Rambo)n(w)20 b(\(1993\))f(and)540 688 y(Strube)i(and)h(Hahn)f(\(1999\))f(suggest)i(that)g(the)g(ranking)f (in)h(German)f(might)g(follo)n(w)h(the)540 788 y Fr(surface)i(or)m(der) f(position)p Fs(.)35 b(Gordon)22 b(et)i(al.)g(\(1993\))d(suggest)i (that)h Fr(sentence-initial)e(po-)540 887 y(sition)28 b Fs(seems)h(to)g(contrib)n(ute)e(to)h(salience.)49 b(T)l(uran)28 b(\(1995\))e(ar)o(gues)h(that)i(the)f Fq(C)6 b(f)j Fs(-list)540 987 y(ranking)20 b(in)i(T)l(urkish)f(is)h(associated)g(with)g(either)f Fr(gr)o(ammatical)f(r)m(elation)i Fs(or)f(a)h Fr(seman-)540 1086 y(tic)29 b(r)l(ole)g Fs(hierarchy)-5 b(,)27 b(and)h(also)g(pro)o (vides)f(e)n(vidence)f(to)j(sho)n(w)f(that)g(w)o(ord)g(order)f(does)540 1186 y(not)d(play)f(a)i(role.)36 b(Strube)23 b(and)g(Hahn)h(\(1999\))e (propose)g(that)i(the)g(ranking)f(criteria)g(for)540 1286 y(the)28 b Fq(C)6 b(f)j Fs(-list)29 b(in)f(German)f(is)i(partly)e (determined)g(by)g(the)h(information)e(status)j(of)f(the)540 1385 y(discourse)18 b(entities.)24 b(The)o(y)18 b(distinguish)f (between)h Fr(old)p Fs(,)g Fr(mediated)p Fs(,)f(and)h Fr(ne)o(w)g Fs(discourse)540 1485 y(entities,)i(and)g(propose)f(the)h (follo)n(wing)e(ranking:)24 b Fr(old)c Fq(>)g Fr(mediated)f Fq(>)h Fr(ne)o(w)p Fs(.)2788 1455 y Fk(4)690 1585 y Fs(In)d(the)g (follo)n(wing)e(section,)i(we)g(present)f(a)i(no)o(v)o(el,)e(general)f (method)h(for)g(determin-)540 1684 y(ing)21 b(which)h(aspects)g(of)f (linguistic)g(kno)n(wledge)f(play)h(a)h(role)f(in)h(ranking)e(the)i (elements)540 1784 y(of)28 b(the)g Fq(C)6 b(f)j Fs(-list.)49 b(W)-7 b(e)30 b(apply)d(this)i(method)d(to)j(Hindi)e(and)h(discuss)h (the)f(in\003uence)f(of)540 1883 y(grammatical)19 b(function,)f(w)o (ord)i(order)m(,)e(and)i(information)d(status.)2461 1853 y Fk(5)540 2108 y Fe(3.1)40 b(Method)21 b(f)n(or)e(Determining)i (Relati)o(v)o(e)e(Salience)540 2317 y Fs(Our)33 b(method)g(for)g (determining)f(relati)n(v)o(e)h(salience)g(in)m(v)n(ok)o(es)g(Rule)h(1) g(of)g(Centering)540 2416 y(theory)-5 b(.)770 2386 y Fk(6)867 2416 y Fs(According)30 b(to)i(this)h(rule,)i(if)d(an)o(ything) e(is)j(pronominalized)c(in)k(an)f(utter)n(-)540 2516 y(ance,)26 b(the)f Fq(C)6 b(b)25 b Fs(must)g(be,)h(too.)39 b(In)25 b(other)f(w)o(ords,)i(if)f(there)g(is)h(a)f(single)g(pronoun)d (in)k(an)540 2616 y(utterance)d Fq(U)935 2628 y Fm(i)965 2616 y Fs(,)j(it)e(must)g(be)g(the)g Fq(C)6 b(b)25 b Fs(of)f Fq(U)1783 2628 y Fm(i)1838 2616 y Fs(and)f(it)i(must)f (cospecify)f(with)h(the)g(highest)540 2715 y(rank)o(ed)19 b(entity)h(among)e(those)i(in)h Fq(U)1590 2727 y Fm(i)5 b Fj(\000)p Fm(1)1736 2715 y Fr(that)20 b(ar)m(e)g(r)m(ealized)g Fs(in)g Fq(U)2450 2727 y Fm(i)2481 2715 y Fs(.)2502 2685 y Fk(7)690 2815 y Fs(W)-7 b(e)24 b(searched)e(our)g(corpus)g(for)g (utterance)g Fr(pair)o(s)p Fs(,)i Fq(U)2244 2827 y Fm(i)5 b Fj(\000)p Fm(1)2392 2815 y Fs(and)23 b Fq(U)2602 2827 y Fm(i)2632 2815 y Fs(,)h(which)e(satisfy)p 540 2907 1032 4 v 640 2961 a Fi(4)674 2993 y Fo(The)36 b(information)f(status)h (distinctions)f(in)g(Strube)g(and)h(Hahn)g(\(1999\))g(correspond)h(to) 540 3084 y(Prince')l(s)26 b(\(Prince)h(1981\))h(distinctions)f(in)f (the)h(follo)n(wing)h(manner:)40 b Fg(old)27 b Fo(entities)f (correspond)540 3176 y(to)17 b Fg(unused)i Fo(and)e Fg(e)o(vok)o(ed)i Fo(entities,)d Fg(ne)o(w)h Fo(entities)g(correspond)i(to)e Fg(br)o(and-ne)o(w)h Fo(entities,)f(and)h Fg(medi-)540 3267 y(ated)f Fo(entities)f(correspond)i(to)e Fg(inferr)o(ables)p Fo(,)h Fg(containing)h(inferr)o(ables)f Fo(and)g Fg(anc)o(hor)m(ed)h (br)o(and-ne)o(w)540 3358 y Fo(entities.)640 3418 y Fi(5)674 3449 y Fo(In)h(this)g(paper)m(,)g(we)g(ignore)g(other)g(f)o(actors)h (that)e(ha)o(v)o(e)h(been)h(ar)o(gued)f(to)g(af)n(fect)g Fh(C)5 b(f)j Fo(-list)18 b(rank-)540 3541 y(ing,)h(such)g(as)g(le)o (xical)g(semantics,)g(intonation,)h(tense)f(etc..)640 3600 y Fi(6)674 3632 y Fo(Rule)d(1)f(captures)h(the)f(intuition,)h (originally)f(stated)h(in)f(Sidner)g(\(1979,)h(1981\),)h(that)e (pronom-)540 3723 y(inalization)k(is)g(one)g(of)g(the)g(mark)o(ers)h (of)f(salience)g(\()p Fg(immediate)g(focus)g Fo(in)g(Sidner')l(s)g (terms\).)640 3783 y Fi(7)674 3815 y Fo(W)-6 b(e)18 b(assume)g(that)g (Rule)g(1)g(\(as)g(well)f(as)h(the)g(other)g(rules)g(and)g(constraints) h(of)e(Centering)i(the-)540 3906 y(ory\))i(has)f(some)h(cogniti)n(v)o (e)g(reality)f(\(Gordon)i(et)e(al.)f(1993;)j(Hudson-D'Zmura)f(and)g(T) -6 b(anenhaus)540 3997 y(1998\).)p eop %%Page: 5 5 5 4 bop 746 -230 a Fo(DISCOURSE)17 b(SALIENCE)g(AND)h(PR)m(ONOUN)g (RESOLUTION)f(IN)h(HINDI)164 b Fs(5)540 90 y(the)20 b(follo)n(wing)f (three)g(conditions:)586 279 y(1.)41 b Fq(U)756 291 y Fm(i)786 279 y Fs(,)21 b(realizes)f Fr(only)g(two)h Fs(of)f(the)g (entities)g(from)g Fq(U)2128 291 y Fm(i)5 b Fj(\000)p Fm(1)2253 279 y Fs(.)586 435 y(2.)41 b(In)20 b Fq(U)846 447 y Fm(i)876 435 y Fs(,)h(only)e(one)h(of)g(the)g(NPs)h(realizing)e (these)i(entities)f(is)h(pronominalized.)586 590 y(3.)41 b(The)28 b(pronoun)d(in)j Fq(U)1312 602 y Fm(i)1371 590 y Fs(is)h(ambiguous)d(\(for)h(gender)f(and)i(number\))d(between)j(the) 690 690 y(tw)o(o)20 b(entities)h(in)f Fq(U)1246 702 y Fm(i)5 b Fj(\000)p Fm(1)1371 690 y Fs(.)1392 660 y Fk(8)690 860 y Fs(The)24 b(procedure)d(for)j(determining)e(the)i(relati)n(v)o(e) g(salience)g(of)g(entities)g(in)g(an)o(y)g(ut-)540 960 y(terance)g Fq(U)871 972 y Fm(i)5 b Fj(\000)p Fm(1)1022 960 y Fs(is)27 b(as)f(follo)n(ws:)34 b(gi)n(v)o(en)24 b(Rule)i(1)f(and)g(the)g(conditions)f(stated)i(abo)o(v)o(e,)e(if)540 1059 y(tw)o(o)e(discourse)e(entities)i Fq(X)28 b Fs(and)21 b Fq(Y)41 b Fs(in)21 b Fq(U)1763 1071 y Fm(i)5 b Fj(\000)p Fm(1)1910 1059 y Fs(are)22 b(both)e(realized)h(in)h Fq(U)2641 1071 y Fm(i)2671 1059 y Fs(,)g(with)g(only)e Fq(Y)540 1159 y Fs(being)k(realized)h(as)h(a)f(pronoun)e(\(in)i Fq(U)1683 1171 y Fm(i)1713 1159 y Fs(\),)i(then)e Fq(Y)44 b Fs(must)25 b(be)h(the)f Fq(C)6 b(b)26 b Fs(of)f Fq(U)2757 1171 y Fm(i)2813 1159 y Fs(and)g(must)540 1259 y(cospecify)d(with)h (the)h(highest)e(rank)o(ed)g(of)h(all)h(the)g(entities)f(in)h Fq(U)2435 1271 y Fm(i)5 b Fj(\000)p Fm(1)2584 1259 y Fs(that)23 b(are)g(realized)540 1358 y(in)28 b Fq(U)699 1370 y Fm(i)729 1358 y Fs(.)48 b(Since)27 b Fq(X)35 b Fs(and)27 b Fq(Y)46 b Fs(are)28 b(the)f(only)g(tw)o(o)h(entities)g(in)g Fq(U)2370 1370 y Fm(i)5 b Fj(\000)p Fm(1)2523 1358 y Fs(realized)27 b(in)g Fq(U)2972 1370 y Fm(i)3003 1358 y Fs(,)i Fq(Y)540 1458 y Fs(must)20 b(be)g(rank)o(ed)f(higher)f(than)i Fq(X)27 b Fs(\(or)19 b(be)h(more)g(salient)g(than)g Fq(X)7 b Fs(\).)24 b(Con)m(v)o(ersely)-5 b(,)18 b(if)i(it)h(is)540 1558 y Fq(X)27 b Fs(\(and)19 b(not)h Fq(Y)e Fs(\))i(that)g(is)h (realized)f(as)g(a)h(pronoun)c(in)j Fq(U)2145 1570 y Fm(i)2176 1558 y Fs(,)g(then)f(by)h(the)g(same)g(reasoning)540 1657 y Fq(X)27 b Fs(must)20 b(be)g(more)g(salient)g(than)g Fq(Y)39 b Fs(in)21 b Fq(U)1749 1669 y Fm(i)5 b Fj(\000)p Fm(1)1874 1657 y Fs(.)690 1757 y(The)24 b(method)e(described)h(abo)o(v) o(e)f(w)o(as)j(applied)e(to)h(a)h(corpus)e(consisting)g(of)h(short)540 1856 y(stories.)54 b(The)30 b(560)f(utterance)g(pairs)h(that)g (\002lled)g(the)g(de\002ned)f(criteria)g(were)h(further)540 1956 y(cate)o(gorized)f(in)j(dif)n(ferent)e(groups)f(according)h(to)h (the)h(linguistic)f(properties)e(of)j(the)540 2056 y(NPs,)19 b(such)f(as)h(grammatical)d(function,)h(w)o(ord)g(order)g(and)g (information)f(status.)25 b(W)m(ithin)540 2155 y(each)20 b(of)h(these)f(groups,)f(further)g(subgroupings)f(were)i(done)g (according)e(to)j(the)g(pair)f(of)540 2255 y(f)o(actors)g(that)h(were)g (being)e(compared)g(for)h(relati)n(v)o(e)g(salience.)26 b(F)o(or)21 b(e)o(xample,)e(one)h(such)540 2355 y(grouping)14 b(w)o(as)k(in)f(terms)h(of)e(grammatical)g(function,)g(and)g(this)i (had)e(further)g(subgroups)540 2454 y(\226)29 b(one)e(for)h(comparing)e (the)j(salience)f(of)h(subjects)f(and)g(direct)g(objects,)i(another)d (for)540 2554 y(comparing)18 b(the)i(salience)g(of)g(direct)g(objects)g (and)g(indirect)f(objects,)h(and)f(so)i(on.)690 2653 y(Note,)30 b(ho)n(we)n(v)o(er)m(,)e(that)g(Rule)h(1)g(is)g Fr(not)f Fs(non-violable.)47 b(In)28 b(f)o(act,)i(the)f(calculation)540 2753 y(of)22 b(discourse)g(coherence)f(in)i(Centering)f(theory)f(is)j (partly)d(based)i(on)f(the)h(assumption)540 2853 y(that)32 b(speak)o(ers)g(can)g(be)g(e)o(xpected)e(to)i(violate)g(Rule)g(1.)61 b(Ho)n(we)n(v)o(er)m(,)33 b(for)e(the)h(task)h(of)540 2952 y(determining)28 b(relati)n(v)o(e)i(salience)g(according)f(to)h (our)g(method,)h(such)f(an)h(e)o(xpectation)540 3052 y(seems)22 b(to)g(create)g(the)f(follo)n(wing)f Fr(determinacy)h Fs(problem.)28 b(Consider)21 b(an)o(y)g(group)f(of)h Fq(n)540 3152 y Fs(utterance)h(pairs,)i Fq(U)1141 3164 y Fm(i)5 b Fj(\000)p Fm(1)1290 3152 y Fs(and)23 b Fq(U)1500 3164 y Fm(i)1530 3152 y Fs(,)i(such)e(that)g(tw)o(o)h(entities)g Fq(X)30 b Fs(and)22 b Fq(Y)43 b Fs(in)24 b Fq(U)2800 3164 y Fm(i)5 b Fj(\000)p Fm(1)2948 3152 y Fs(in)24 b(all)540 3251 y(pairs)d(e)o(xhibit)e(the)i(linguistic)g(properties)e (characterizing)f(the)j(group,)e(with)i Fq(X)28 b Fs(ha)n(ving)540 3351 y(the)h(property)d Fq(LX)35 b Fs(and)28 b Fq(Y)48 b Fs(ha)n(ving)28 b(the)h(property)d Fq(LY)18 b Fs(.)51 b(As)30 b(w)o(as)f(described)e(abo)o(v)o(e,)540 3450 y(both)22 b(these)h(entities)h(are)f(realized)f(in)h Fq(U)1734 3462 y Fm(i)1788 3450 y Fs(in)g(all)h(pairs)f(with)g(only)f (one)g(of)h(them)g(being)540 3550 y(realized)g(as)h(a)g(pronoun.)33 b(No)n(w)-5 b(,)24 b(if)g(all)g(the)g Fq(n)g Fs(pairs)f(in)h(the)g (group)e(pronominalize)f(the)540 3650 y(entity)e(with)h(the)f(same)h (property)-5 b(,)17 b(i.e.,)i(either)g Fq(LX)26 b Fs(or)19 b Fq(LY)f Fs(,)i(then)f(the)h(relati)n(v)o(e)f(salience)p 540 3729 1032 4 v 640 3783 a Fi(8)674 3815 y Fo(W)-6 b(e)17 b(selected)g(utterance)g(pairs)g(with)f(ambiguous)j(pronouns)f (to)f(reduce)g(the)g(noise)g(resulting)540 3906 y(from)j(Rule)f(1)h (violations)h(that)e(are)h(induced)h(by)f(the)g(a)o(v)n(ailability)f (of)h(grammatical)g(information)540 3997 y(that)f(allo)n(ws)g (inferential)f(\(defeasible\))i(reasoning)g(on)f(the)g(part)g(of)g(the) g(hearer)l(.)978 4198 y Fg(U)n(.)g(P)-6 b(enn)19 b(W)-7 b(orking)20 b(P)-6 b(aper)o(s)20 b(in)e(Linguistics:)24 b(V)-8 b(olume)18 b(6.3,)h(2000,)h(pp.)j(189-208)p Fo(.)p eop %%Page: 6 6 6 5 bop 540 -230 a Fs(6)577 b Fo(RASHMI)18 b(PRASAD)g(&)h(MICHAEL)f (STR)m(UBE)540 90 y Fs(of)e(the)g(entities)g Fq(X)23 b Fs(and)16 b Fq(Y)35 b Fs(in)16 b Fq(U)1459 102 y Fm(i)5 b Fj(\000)p Fm(1)1601 90 y Fs(is)17 b(completely)d(determinate.)22 b(Ho)n(we)n(v)o(er)m(,)15 b(if)h Fq(k)k Fs(pairs)540 190 y(pronominalize)c(the)k(entity)e(with)i(property)d Fq(LX)25 b Fs(and)19 b Fq(n)14 b Fn(\000)h Fq(k)22 b Fs(pairs)d(pronominalize)e(the)540 289 y(entity)h(with)h(property)d Fq(LY)i Fs(,)h(then)f(the)g(analyst)h(f)o(aces)f(the)h(question)e(of)h (deciding)f(which)540 389 y(one)24 b(of)h(the)g(sets)h(of)e(pairs)h(is) h(the)e(true)h(indicator)e(of)i(salience.)39 b(These)24 b(tw)o(o)i(opposing)540 489 y(cases)g(are)f(illustrated)f(in)i(the)f (schematic)f(diagram)g(in)h(Figure.)39 b(1,)26 b(where)e Fq(U)2849 501 y Fm(i)5 b Fj(\000)p Fm(1)3000 489 y Fs(and)540 588 y Fq(U)606 600 y Fm(i)653 588 y Fs(are)16 b(adjacent)g(utterances,) g Fq(W)c Fs(,)17 b Fq(X)7 b Fs(,)17 b Fq(Y)i Fs(,)e(and)f Fq(Z)22 b Fs(are)16 b(the)h(discourse)e(entities)i(in)f Fq(U)2974 600 y Fm(i)5 b Fj(\000)p Fm(1)3099 588 y Fs(,)540 688 y(and)22 b Fq(A)p Fs(,)i Fq(B)t Fs(,)g Fq(X)7 b 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y(ment)29 b(in\003ection)g(is)i(mark)o(ed)d(for)i (person,)g(number)m(,)g(and)f(gender)-5 b(.)53 b(W)m(ith)30 b(respect)f(to)540 2048 y(the)d(form)e(and)h(information)e(status)k(of) e(noun)f(phrases,)j(Hindi)e(has)h(\(non-obligatory\))540 2148 y(de\002nite)21 b(and)g(\(obligatory\))e(inde\002nite)i(articles.) 30 b(F)o(ollo)n(wing)20 b(Prince)h(\(1992\),)f(the)i(NPs)540 2247 y(with)h(the)f(inde\002nite)g(article)g(usually)g(refer)f(to)i (hearer)n(-ne)n(w)e(and)g(discourse-ne)n(w)g(enti-)540 2347 y(ties,)e(whereas)f(NPs)h(with)g(the)f(null/o)o(v)o(ert)e (de\002nite)i(article)g(usually)g(refer)f(to)i(hearer)n(-old)540 2447 y(and/or)g(discourse-old)f(entities.)540 2668 y Fe(3.3)40 b(F)n(actors)19 b(Determining)h(the)h(Ranking)540 2878 y Fs(In)j(all)g(the)g(e)o(xamples)f(in)h(this)h(section,)f(the)g (pronouns)e(and)h(the)i(NP')-5 b(s)25 b(the)o(y)e(cospecify)540 2977 y(with)j(are)f(indicated)g(in)g(boldf)o(ace)g(and)g(by)g(coinde)o (xation.)2281 2947 y Fk(10)2389 2977 y 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(are)e(glossed)h(as)f Fc(pr)o(o)p Fo(.)609 3874 y Fi(11)674 3906 y Fo(S)k(=)h(subject,)h(DO)e(=)g(direct)h(object,)h(IO)e(=)g (indirect)h(object,)h(PP)d(=)i(prepositional)g(phrase,)540 3997 y(PO)18 b(=)h(prepositional)h(object,)f(A)m(CC)f(=)h(accusati)n(v) o(e,)h(ERG)e(=)g(er)o(gati)n(v)o(e,)h(D)m(A)-8 b(T)18 b(=)h(dati)n(v)o(e.)978 4198 y Fg(U)n(.)g(P)-6 b(enn)19 b(W)-7 b(orking)20 b(P)-6 b(aper)o(s)20 b(in)e(Linguistics:)24 b(V)-8 b(olume)18 b(6.3,)h(2000,)h(pp.)j(189-208)p Fo(.)p eop %%Page: 8 8 8 7 bop 540 -230 a Fs(8)577 b Fo(RASHMI)18 b(PRASAD)g(&)h(MICHAEL)f (STR)m(UBE)540 90 y Fe(3.3.1)40 b(Grammatical)18 b(Function:)25 b(Subject)20 b(vs.)26 b(Dir)o(ect)19 b(Object/Indir)o(ect)g(Object)540 299 y Fs(Example)g(\(2\))h(illustrates)h(that)g(the)g(subject)f(is)i (rank)o(ed)d(higher)g(than)h(the)h(direct)f(object.)540 399 y(Both)31 b(the)g(subject)g(and)f(direct)h(object)f(in)i(\(2a\))e (are)h(realized)f(in)h(\(2b\),)i(b)n(ut)e(it)h(is)g(the)540 499 y(subject)22 b(that)f(is)i(realized)e(as)i(the)e(pronoun.)27 b(The)22 b(subject,)f(therefore,)f(quali\002es)i(as)h(the)540 598 y Fq(C)6 b(b)24 b Fs(of)f(\(2b\))f(and)h(consequently)f(as)i(the)f (more)g(highly)f(rank)o(ed)g(of)h(the)h(tw)o(o)g(entities)f(in)540 698 y(\(2a\))c(that)i(are)f(realized)f(in)i(\(2b\).)623 883 y(\(2\))102 b(a.)56 b(aise)937 983 y(such)1110 883 y(mauk)o(oN)1110 983 y(occasions)1453 883 y(par)1453 983 y(on)1580 883 y Fe([)1608 895 y Fb(S)1677 883 y Fe(sa)n(v)o (aariyaan])2134 895 y Fb(i)1580 983 y Fe([)1608 995 y Fb(S)1677 983 y Fe(passengers])2088 995 y Fb(i)2179 883 y Fs([)2207 895 y Fb(D)r(O)2179 983 y Fs([)2207 995 y Fb(D)r(O)2340 883 y Fs(chaate])2581 895 y Fb(j)2340 983 y Fs(umbrellas])2697 995 y Fb(j)2750 883 y Fs(taan)2750 983 y(open)2932 883 y(letii)2932 983 y(tak)o(e)937 1091 y(haiN)937 1191 y(3pl.fem.prs)937 1312 y(`On)20 b(such)g(occasions)f (the)h(passengers)g(open)f(umbrellas')822 1438 y(b)m(.)55 b(kabhi-kabhi)937 1538 y(sometimes)1354 1438 y(tej)1354 1538 y(f)o(ast)1494 1438 y(ha)n(v)n(aa)1494 1538 y(wind)1705 1438 y(se)1705 1538 y(with)1873 1438 y([chaate])2142 1450 y Fb(j)1873 1538 y Fs([umbrellas])2258 1550 y Fb(j)2311 1438 y Fe([unk)o(e])2541 1450 y Fb(i)2311 1538 y Fe([pr)o(o-POSS])2727 1550 y Fb(i)2773 1438 y Fs(haath)2773 1538 y(hands)937 1646 y(se)937 1746 y(from)1119 1646 y(urr)1119 1746 y(\003y)1236 1646 y(bhii)1236 1746 y(also)1391 1646 y(jaate)1391 1746 y(go)1568 1646 y(haiN)1568 1746 y(3pl.fem.prs)937 1867 y(`Sometimes,)25 b(because)g(of)g(the)h(strong)e(winds,)i(the)g (umbrellas)e(e)n(v)o(en)g(\003y)937 1967 y(a)o(w)o(ay)c(from)f(their)h (hands')690 2152 y(By)c(the)f(same)h(ar)o(gument,)d(e)o(xample)h(\(3\)) h(sho)n(ws)h(that)f(the)g(subject)h(is)g(rank)o(ed)e(higher)540 2252 y(than)19 b(the)g(object)f(within)h(the)g(prepositional)e(ar)o (gument)g(of)i(the)g(v)o(erb)m(.)k(Both)c(the)g(subject)540 2352 y(as)31 b(well)g(as)g(the)g(prepositional)d(object)i(in)h(\(3a\))e (are)i(realized)e(in)i(\(3b\),)h(b)n(ut)e(it)h(is)h(the)540 2451 y(subject)21 b(that)f(is)i(pronominalized)17 b(and)k(therefore,)d (it)k(quali\002es)f(as)g(the)g Fq(C)6 b(b)21 b Fs(of)f(\(3b\))g(and)540 2551 y(as)h(more)e(highly)g(rank)o(ed)g(than)h(the)g(prepositional)e (object)i(in)g(\(3a\).)623 2736 y(\(3\))102 b(a.)56 b(kuch)937 2836 y(some)1133 2736 y(der)1133 2836 y(time)1301 2736 y(pashchaat,)1301 2836 y(after)m(,)1670 2736 y Fe([)1698 2748 y Fb(S)1766 2736 y Fe(ek)21 b(shramik])2193 2748 y Fb(i)1670 2836 y Fe([)1698 2848 y Fb(S)1766 2836 y Fe(a)g(labor)o(er])2120 2848 y Fb(i)2242 2736 y Fs([)2270 2748 y Fb(P)9 b(P)2242 2836 y Fs([)2270 2848 y Fb(P)g(P)2396 2736 y Fs([)2424 2748 y Fb(P)g(O)2396 2836 y Fs([)2424 2848 y Fb(P)g(O)2553 2736 y Fs(us)2553 2836 y(that)2698 2736 y(yuv)n(ak])2929 2748 y Fb(j)2698 2836 y Fs(youth])2917 2848 y Fb(j)937 2944 y Fs(k)o(e)937 3044 y(near)1100 2944 y(paas])1100 3044 y(to])1296 2944 y(aayaa)1296 3044 y(came)937 3165 y(`)-7 b(After)20 b(some)g(time,)g(a)g(laborer)f(came)h (up)g(to)g(the)h(youth')822 3291 y(b)m(.)55 b Fe([usne])1154 3303 y Fb(i)937 3391 y Fe([pr)o(o-ERG])1325 3403 y Fb(i)1371 3291 y Fs([yuv)n(ak])1630 3303 y Fb(j)1371 3391 y Fs([youth])1618 3403 y Fb(j)1683 3291 y Fs(se)1683 3391 y(of)1773 3291 y(puuchaa)1773 3391 y(ask)o(ed)2070 3291 y(ki)2070 3391 y(that)2215 3291 y(\223k)o(yaa)2215 3391 y(\223what)2434 3291 y(aagyaa)2434 3391 y(wish)2686 3291 y(hai?\224)2686 3391 y(is?\224)937 3513 y(`He)20 b(ask)o(ed)g(the)g(youth,)f(\223what)h (is)h(your)e(wish?\224')690 3698 y(334)e(utterance)f(pairs)h(in)h(the)g (corpus)e(consisted)h(of)g(the)h(subject)f(and)g(either)g(the)h(di-)540 3798 y(rect)j(object,)e(or)i(the)f(indirect)g(object,)g(or)g(the)h (prepositional)e(complement)f(being)i(real-)540 3898 y(ized)e(in)f(both)g(the)h(utterances)f(in)h(the)g(pair)f(\(see)h(T)-7 b(able)18 b(2\).)23 b(322)17 b(cases)i(sho)n(w)e(the)h(subject)540 3997 y(rank)o(ed)f(higher)g(\(in)h(particular)m(,)e(out)i(of)g(149)f (pairs)h(for)g(comparing)e(the)i(subject)g(and)g(the)p eop %%Page: 9 9 9 8 bop 746 -230 a Fo(DISCOURSE)17 b(SALIENCE)g(AND)h(PR)m(ONOUN)g (RESOLUTION)f(IN)h(HINDI)164 b Fs(9)540 90 y(direct)24 b(object,)i(144)e(ha)n(v)o(e)g(the)h(subject)g(realized)f(as)h(a)h (pronoun)c(in)j(the)g(second)f(utter)n(-)540 190 y(ance)f(\(96\045\))f (and)g(5)h(ha)n(v)o(e)g(the)g(direct)g(object)f(as)i(the)f(pronoun)d (\(4\045\);)k(out)f(of)g(57)g(pairs)540 289 y(for)29 b(comparing)f(the)i(subject)f(and)g(the)h(indirect)f(object,)j(50)d(ha) n(v)o(e)g(the)h(subject)g(real-)540 389 y(ized)18 b(as)i(a)f(pronoun)d (\(87\045\))h(and)h(7)h(ha)n(v)o(e)f(the)h(indirect)e(object)h (realized)g(as)i(the)e(pronoun)540 489 y(\(13\045\);)f(\002nally)-5 b(,)18 b(out)f(of)g(128)f(pairs)i(for)e(comparing)g(the)h(subject)g (and)g(the)g(prepositional)540 588 y(complement,)h(all)j(ha)n(v)o(e)e (the)i(subject)e(realized)h(as)h(the)f(pronoun)e(\(100\045\)\).)540 895 y Fe(3.3.2)40 b(Grammatical)18 b(Function:)25 b(Dir)o(ect)19 b(Object)h(vs.)25 b(Indir)o(ect)20 b(Object)540 1104 y Fs(Examples)15 b(lik)o(e)i(\(4\))f(suggest)g(that)g(a)h(higher)e (salience)h(is)h(attrib)n(uted)f(to)g(entities)h(denoted)540 1203 y(by)k(the)g(direct)g(object)f(when)h(compared)e(to)i(indirect)f (objects.)28 b(Both)21 b(the)g(direct)g(object)540 1303 y(and)k(indirect)g(object)g(in)h(\(4a\))e(are)i(realized)f(in)h (\(4b\),)f(b)n(ut)h(it)g(is)h(the)e(direct)g(object)g(that)540 1403 y(is)e(pronominalized.)29 b(Note)23 b(that)f(the)h(pronoun)c(in)k (\(4b\))f(is)h(unmark)o(ed)d(for)i(gender)f(and)540 1502 y(number)g(and)g(is)j(therefore)c(ambiguous)h(between)g(the)h(tw)o(o)h (antecedents)e(in)i(\(4a\))e(\(DO)540 1602 y(is)g(masculine)f(and)f(IO) i(is)g(feminine\).)623 1873 y(\(4\))102 b(a.)56 b([)965 1885 y Fb(S)937 1973 y Fs([)965 1985 y Fb(S)1033 1873 y Fs(dukaandaar)1033 1973 y(shopk)o(eeper)1437 1873 y(ne])1544 1885 y Fb(i)1437 1973 y Fs(ERG])1631 1985 y Fb(i)1679 1873 y Fe([)1707 1885 y Fb(D)6 b(O)1844 1873 y Fe(kaii)20 b(namune)h(k)o(e)g(kapDe])2667 1885 y Fb(j)1679 1973 y Fe([)1707 1985 y Fb(D)6 b(O)1844 1973 y Fe(many)20 b(types)g(of)g(clothes])2631 1985 y Fb(j)2722 1873 y Fs([)2750 1885 y Fb(I)9 b(O)2722 1973 y Fs([)2750 1985 y Fb(I)g(O)2865 1873 y Fs(un)2865 1973 y(those)937 2081 y(striiyoN)937 2180 y(w)o(omen)1230 2081 y(k)o(o])1341 2093 y Fb(k)1230 2180 y Fs(A)m(CC])1425 2192 y Fb(k)1486 2081 y Fs(dikhaaye)1486 2180 y(sho)n(w-3sg.m.pst)937 2317 y(`The)19 b(shopk)o(eeper)f(sho)n(wed)i(man)o(y)f(types)h(of)f (clothes)h(to)h(those)f(w)o(omen')822 2485 y(b)m(.)55 b([un)937 2585 y([those)1160 2485 y(striiyoN)1160 2585 y(w)o(omen)1453 2485 y(k)o(o])1564 2497 y Fb(k)1453 2585 y Fs(A)m(CC])1648 2597 y Fb(k)1710 2485 y Fe([unme])1964 2497 y Fb(j)1710 2585 y Fe([pr)o(o])1890 2597 y Fb(j)2019 2485 y Fs(se)2019 2585 y(of)2109 2485 y(kuch)2109 2585 y(some)2305 2485 y(pasand)2305 2585 y(lik)o(e)2557 2485 y(aaye)2557 2585 y(come-3pl.pst)937 2693 y(aur)937 2793 y(and)1077 2693 y(kuch)1077 2793 y(some)1273 2693 y(unhone)1273 2793 y(the)o(y-ERG)1630 2693 y(alag)1630 2793 y(aside)1821 2693 y(hataa)1821 2793 y(remo)o(v)o(e)2088 2693 y(diyaa)2088 2793 y(gi)n(v)o(e.3sg.pst)937 2929 y(`The)19 b(w)o(omen)h(lik)o(ed)g (some)g(of)f(them)h(and)g(some)g(the)o(y)f(remo)o(v)o(ed)f(aside')690 3200 y(The)h(corpus)f(contains)h(22)f(pairs)i(illustrating)e(the)h (comparison)f(abo)o(v)o(e)f(\(see)j(T)-7 b(able)540 3300 y(2\),)19 b(and)g(all)h(of)f(them)f(ha)n(v)o(e)h(the)h(direct)e(object) h(realized)g(as)h(the)f(pronoun)e(in)i(the)g(second)540 3399 y(utterance.)690 3499 y(Other)25 b(ranking)e(comparisons)h (constitute)g(the)h(rest)h(of)f(the)g(pairs)g(in)h(the)f(corpus,)540 3599 y(i.e.,)h(204)e(pairs)g(\(see)i(T)-7 b(able)24 b(2)h(for)f (detailed)h(\002gures\).)38 b(The)24 b(partial)h(ranking)e(with)i(re-) 540 3698 y(spect)i(to)f(the)h(grammatical)e(functions)g(that)i(we)g (were)f(able)h(to)f(in)m(v)o(estigate)f(can)i(thus)540 3798 y(be)h(speci\002ed)f(as)i(follo)n(ws:)39 b Fr(subject)28 b Fq(>)g Fr(dir)m(ect)g(object)f Fq(>)h Fr(indir)m(ect)f(object/PP)g (object)540 3898 y Fq(>)i Fr(adjuncts)p Fs(.)48 b(In)29 b(addition,)g(we)f(also)h(specify)f(that)h(for)e(a)i(possessi)n(v)o(e)f (noun)g(phrase,)540 3997 y Fr(possessor)21 b Fq(>)f Fr(head)f(noun)p Fs(.)978 4198 y Fg(U)n(.)g(P)-6 b(enn)19 b(W)-7 b(orking)20 b(P)-6 b(aper)o(s)20 b(in)e(Linguistics:)24 b(V)-8 b(olume)18 b(6.3,)h(2000,)h(pp.)j(189-208)p Fo(.)p eop %%Page: 10 10 10 9 bop 540 -230 a Fs(10)535 b Fo(RASHMI)18 b(PRASAD)g(&)h(MICHAEL)f (STR)m(UBE)p 576 11 2509 4 v 626 80 a Fe(Ranking)p 1994 110 4 100 v 1114 w Fs(Number)p 2365 110 V 98 w(T)-7 b(otal)p 2634 110 V 99 w(Frequenc)o(y)p 576 113 2509 4 v 626 183 a(Subject)19 b Fq(>)i Fs(Direct)f(Object)p 1994 213 4 100 v 688 w(144)p 2365 213 V 194 w(149)p 2634 213 V 253 w(96)626 283 y(Subject)f Fq(>)i Fs(Indirect)e(Object)p 1994 313 V 658 w(50)p 2365 313 V 236 w(57)p 2634 313 V 274 w(87)626 382 y(Subject)g Fq(>)i Fs(PP)g(Object)p 1994 412 V 803 w(128)p 2365 412 V 194 w(128)p 2634 412 V 233 w(100)626 482 y(Direct)f(Object)g Fq(>)g Fs(Indirect/PP)g(Object) p 1994 512 V 342 w(22)p 2365 512 V 236 w(22)p 2634 512 V 254 w(100)626 582 y(Subject/Object)p Fq(>)e Fs(Adjunct)p 1994 612 V 667 w(96)p 2365 612 V 215 w(110)p 2634 612 V 253 w(87)626 681 y(Possessor)i Fq(>)h Fs(Head)p 1994 711 V 909 w(22)p 2365 711 V 236 w(22)p 2634 711 V 254 w(100)626 781 y(Subject)e Fq(>)i Fs(Possessor)f(of)g(Direct)h(Object)p 1994 811 V 275 w(50)p 2365 811 V 236 w(50)p 2634 811 V 254 w(100)626 881 y(Indirect)e(Object)h Fq(>)g Fs(Possessor)h(of)f (Subject)p 1994 910 V 224 w(22)p 2365 910 V 236 w(22)p 2634 910 V 254 w(100)p 576 914 2509 4 v 626 984 a(T)-7 b(otal)p 1994 1013 4 100 v 1324 w(534)p 2365 1013 V 194 w(560)p 2634 1013 V 253 w(95)p 576 1017 2509 4 v 680 1165 a(T)g(able)20 b(2:)25 b(Frequencies)19 b(for)h(Relati)n(v)o(e)g (Salience)g(of)g(Grammatical)f(Functions)540 1418 y Fe(3.3.3)40 b(Against)19 b(W)-6 b(ord)21 b(Order)f(and)g(Inf)n(ormation)f(Status) 540 1627 y Fs(The)25 b(surf)o(ace)f(order)f(of)i(constituents)f(has)h (been)g(ar)o(gued)d(to)j(be)g(a)h(determining)c(f)o(actor)540 1727 y(for)g(relati)n(v)o(e)g(salience)g(in)h(German)e(\(Rambo)n(w)h (1993;)f(Strube)h(and)g(Hahn)g(1999\).)30 b(Our)540 1826 y(Hindi)25 b(corpus)f(does)h(contain)f(utterance)g(pairs)h(in)h(which)e (the)i(entity)f(represented)e(by)540 1926 y(the)e(sentence-initial)e (constituent)h(is)h(found)e(to)i(be)f(the)h Fq(C)6 b(b)21 b Fs(in)g(the)f(ne)o(xt)g(utterance,)g(b)n(ut)540 2026 y(in)k(f)o(act,)g(these)g(constituents)f(are)g(al)o(w)o(ays)h(the)g (subject.)35 b(Furthermore,)22 b(there)h(are)g(also)540 2125 y(cases)28 b(in)f(which)f(the)h(subject)g(occurs)f(in)h(some)g (non)f(sentence-initial)g(position,)h(and)540 2225 y(e)o(xamples)d (such)h(as)h(\(5a-b\))d(sho)n(w)i(that)g(it)h(is)g(the)f(subject,)h (rather)f(than)f(the)i(sentence-)540 2325 y(initial)c(constituent)e (occurring)f(in)i(the)h(initial)f(position,)g(which)g(is)h(realized)f (as)h(the)f Fq(C)6 b(b)540 2424 y Fs(in)20 b(the)h(follo)n(wing)d (utterance.)623 2585 y(\(5\))102 b(a.)56 b([)965 2597 y Fb(P)9 b(O)937 2684 y Fs([)965 2696 y Fb(P)g(O)1093 2585 y Fs(bailon])1330 2597 y Fb(i)1093 2684 y Fs(b)n(uf)n(f)o(alos]) 1390 2696 y Fb(i)1436 2585 y Fs(k)o(e)1436 2684 y(of)1535 2585 y(biich)1535 2684 y(between)1832 2585 y Fe([)1860 2597 y Fb(S)1929 2585 y Fe(ek)20 b(purush])2313 2597 y Fb(j)1832 2684 y Fe([)1860 2696 y Fb(S)1929 2684 y Fe(a)g(man])2176 2696 y Fb(j)2369 2585 y Fs(kharaa)2369 2684 y(stand.3sg)2702 2585 y(hai)2702 2684 y(3sg.pres)937 2803 y(`There)f(is)i(a)g(man)e(standing)g(between)h(the)g(b)n(uf)n(f)o (alos')822 2921 y(b)m(.)55 b Fe([v)o(ah])1122 2933 y Fb(j)937 3021 y Fe([he])1076 3033 y Fb(j)1176 2921 y Fs([)1204 2933 y Fb(I)5 b(O)1176 3021 y Fs([)1204 3033 y Fb(I)g(O)1315 2921 y Fs(in)1315 3021 y(these)1506 2921 y(bailon)1506 3021 y(b)n(uf)n(f)o(alos)1795 2921 y(k)o(o])1906 2933 y Fb(i)1795 3021 y Fs(D)m(A)-9 b(T])1982 3033 y Fb(i)2029 2921 y Fs(charaa)2029 3021 y(fodder)2266 2921 y(daal)2266 3021 y(put)2425 2921 y(rahaa)2425 3021 y(do.3sg)2665 2921 y(hai)2665 3021 y(3sg.pres)937 3139 y(`He)20 b(is)h(gi)n(ving)e (fodder)f(to)j(these)f(b)n(uf)n(f)o(alos')690 3300 y(In)29 b(the)g(transition)f(from)g(\(5a\))g(to)h(\(5b\),)h(the)f(subject)g(is) h(not)f(in)g(sentence-initial)540 3399 y(position)21 b(in)h(\(5a\),)g(b)n(ut)g(still)h(denotes)e(the)i(centered)d(entity)-5 b(,)22 b(since)g(it)h(is)g(the)f(antecedent)540 3499 y(of)f(the)h(pronoun,)d(the)j Fq(C)6 b(b)p Fs(,)22 b(in)g(\(5b\).)28 b(The)21 b(e)o(xample)g(also)g(sho)n(ws)h(that)g(unlik)o(e)f(German,) 540 3599 y(the)h(information)e(status)j(of)f(discourse)g(entities)g (does)h(not)f(play)f(a)i(role)f(in)h(the)f Fq(C)6 b(f)j Fs(-list)540 3698 y(ranking)21 b(in)i(Hindi.)32 b(In)23 b(\(5a\),)f(a)h(ne)n(w)g(entity)-5 b(,)22 b Fr(ek)h(purush)p Fs(,)g(`a)g(man')f(is)h(introduced,)e(and)540 3798 y(the)i(utterance)e (also)j(contains)e(a)h(discourse)f(old)g(entity)-5 b(,)23 b Fr(bailon)p Fs(,)f(`b)n(uf)n(f)o(alos'.)31 b(Ranking)540 3898 y(the)c(entities)f(according)f(to)i(the)f(critieria)g(suggested)g (for)g(German)f(\(with)i Fr(old)f Fq(>)h Fr(me-)540 3997 y(diated)e Fq(>)g Fr(ne)o(w)h Fs(\(Strube)e(and)h(Hahn)g(1999\)\))e (cannot)i(account)f(for)h(the)g(realization)g(of)p eop %%Page: 11 11 11 10 bop 746 -230 a Fo(DISCOURSE)17 b(SALIENCE)g(AND)h(PR)m(ONOUN)g (RESOLUTION)f(IN)h(HINDI)123 b Fs(11)540 90 y(the)26 b(discourse)g(ne)n(w)g(entity)-5 b(,)27 b Fr(a)f(man)p Fs(,)h(as)g(a)g(pronoun,)e(the)h Fq(C)6 b(b)p Fs(,)29 b(in)d(\(5b\).)42 b(What)27 b(really)540 190 y(matters)e(is)g(that)g (the)g(discourse)f(ne)n(w)g(entity)h(is)h(found)d(to)i(be)f(in)h(the)g (subject)f(position)540 289 y(of)i(the)h(sentence.)43 b(In)26 b(all)h(such)f(cases,)j(where)d(some)g(NP)h(denoting)e(a)i (discourse-old)540 389 y(entity)18 b(is)i(preposed)d(to)i(the)g (sentence-initial)e(position,)h(it)i(is)g(the)e(discourse)g(ne)n(w)h (entity)540 489 y(in)h(subject)g(position)g(that)g(is)h(pronominalized) c(in)j(the)g(follo)n(wing)f(utterance.)690 588 y(In)27 b(conclusion,)g(the)g(corpus)g(re)n(v)o(ealed)e(an)j(o)o(v)o (erwhelming)c(in\003uence)i(of)h(gram-)540 688 y(matical)g(function)e (on)h(the)g(salience)h(of)f(the)h(discourse)f(entities)h(e)n(v)n(ok)o (ed)e(in)i(an)g(utter)n(-)540 788 y(ance,)17 b(and)e(therefore)g(of)h (the)g Fq(C)6 b(f)j Fs(-list)17 b(in)g(Centering)e(terms.)24 b(Furthermore,)14 b(w)o(ord)i(order)540 887 y(and)21 b(information)f(status)j(do)e(not)h(seem)g(to)g(play)g(an)o(y)f (independent)e(role)j(in)g(determin-)540 987 y(ing)e(relati)n(v)o(e)f (salience)h(in)h(Hindi.)540 1213 y Fv(4)50 b(The)26 b(BFP-Algorithm)540 1422 y Fs(In)g(this)h(section,)g(we)f(apply)g(the)g(BFP)h(algorithm)e (for)g(pronoun)f(resolution)h(in)h(Hindi)540 1522 y(using)g(the)g (ranking)e(obtained)g(in)j(the)f(pre)n(vious)e(section.)43 b(The)25 b(algorithm)g(described)540 1621 y(by)g(Brennan)f(et)i(al.)g (\(1987\))d(incorporates)h(the)h(centering)f(rules)h(and)g(transitions) g(and)540 1721 y(consists)c(of)f(three)f(basic)i(steps)f(\(as)h (described)e(by)h(W)-7 b(alk)o(er)20 b(et)h(al.)f(\(1994\)\).)2751 1691 y Fk(12)586 1884 y Fs(1.)43 b(G)t Ff(E)t(N)t(E)t(R)t(A)m(T)t(E)22 b Fs(possible)e Fr(Cb-Cf)g Fs(combinations)e(\(anchors\).)586 2024 y(2.)43 b(F)t Ff(I)t(L)n(T)t(E)t(R)27 b Fs(by)c(constraints,)i (e.g.,)f(contra-inde)o(xing,)d(sortal)j(predicates,)g(centering)690 2124 y(rules)c(and)g(constraints.)1395 2094 y Fk(13)586 2264 y Fs(3.)43 b(R)t Ff(A)t(N)t(K)23 b Fs(by)d(transition)g (orderings.)690 2409 y(In)27 b(applying)e(the)h(BFP)j(algorithm,)d(we)h (found)f(that)g(the)h(algorithm)f(mak)o(es)g(tw)o(o)540 2508 y(types)k(of)f(strate)o(gic)h(errors.)52 b(The)30 b(\002rst)h(is)f(caused)g(by)f(its)i(preference)c(for)j Fr(Continue)540 2608 y Fs(transitions.)54 b(This)30 b(preference)e (implies)j(that)f(a)g(pronoun)e(in)i Fq(U)2488 2620 y Fm(i)2549 2608 y Fs(is)h(more)e(lik)o(ely)h(to)540 2708 y(refer)21 b(to)h(the)g Fq(C)6 b(b)p Fl(\()p Fq(U)1129 2720 y Fm(i)f Fj(\000)p Fm(1)1255 2708 y Fl(\))22 b Fs(than)g(to)g(the) g Fq(C)6 b(p)p Fl(\()p Fq(U)1891 2720 y Fm(i)f Fj(\000)p Fm(1)2017 2708 y Fl(\))22 b Fs(when)g Fq(C)6 b(b)p Fl(\()p Fq(U)2473 2720 y Fm(i)f Fj(\000)p Fm(1)2598 2708 y Fl(\))27 b Fn(6)p Fl(=)f Fd(Cp)5 b Fl(\()p Fd(U)2962 2720 y Fm(i)g Fj(\000)p Fm(1)3088 2708 y Fl(\))540 2807 y Fs(\(=)23 b Fr(Retain)f Fs(or)g Fr(Rough-shift)p Fs(\).)30 b(This)23 b(preference)e(does)h(not)g(hold)g(for)g(Hindi,)h(as)g(sho)n(wn)540 2907 y(in)d(e)o(xample)e(\(6\).)1044 2877 y Fk(14)1139 2907 y Fs(The)h(tables)h(belo)n(w)f(each)g(utterance)g(contain)g(the)g (\002ltered)h(anchors)540 3006 y(for)26 b(that)g(utterance.)42 b(The)27 b(second)e(column)g(in)i(the)f(tables)h(represents)e(the)h (discourse)540 3106 y(entities)17 b(and)f(the)h(third)f(column)f (represents)g(the)i(corresponding)c(surf)o(ace)j(e)o(xpressions.)623 3265 y(\(6\))102 b(a.)56 b(Congress)937 3365 y(Congress)1267 3265 y(adhyaksh)1583 3277 y Fk(1)1267 3365 y Fs(director)1527 3377 y Fk(1)1638 3265 y Fr(unse)1791 3277 y Fk(2)1638 3365 y Fs(him)1768 3377 y Fk(2)1804 3365 y Fs(-with)2000 3265 y(aise)2000 3365 y(this-w)o(ay)2306 3265 y(mile)2306 3365 y(met)937 3483 y(`The)19 b(Congress)h(director)f(met)h(him)g(in)h (such)e(a)i(w)o(ay)-5 b(,)f(')p 540 3547 1032 4 v 609 3600 a Fi(12)674 3632 y Fo(The)19 b(algorithm)h(has)f(also)g(been)h (applied)f(to)g(Japanese)h(by)g(W)-6 b(alk)o(er)19 b(et)f(al.)h (\(1994\).)609 3692 y Fi(13)674 3723 y Fo(Contra-inde)o(xing)g (constraints)f(on)f(coreference)h(originate)g(from)f(Binding)h(theory)g (\(Chom-)540 3815 y(sk)o(y)h(1981\).)609 3874 y Fi(14)674 3906 y Fo(From)26 b(\223Bihari)f(Bab)o(u)h(k)o(e)g(haseen)h(sapne\224.) 44 b(Article)25 b(in)h Fg(India)g(T)-7 b(oday)p Fo(.)44 b(Issue:)37 b(31st)26 b(Dec,)540 3997 y(1997.)978 4198 y Fg(U)n(.)19 b(P)-6 b(enn)19 b(W)-7 b(orking)20 b(P)-6 b(aper)o(s)20 b(in)e(Linguistics:)24 b(V)-8 b(olume)18 b(6.3,)h(2000,)h(pp.)j(189-208)p Fo(.)p eop %%Page: 12 12 12 11 bop 540 -230 a Fs(12)535 b Fo(RASHMI)18 b(PRASAD)g(&)h(MICHAEL)f (STR)m(UBE)p 1047 11 1567 4 v 1097 74 a(\(i\))p 1215 102 4 92 v 99 w(Cb)h(:)99 b(Laalu)19 b(:)k(\(2\))199 b Fg(unse)p 1215 193 V 1267 166 a Fo(Cf)18 b(:)112 b([Director)19 b(\(1\))g(:)99 b Fg(Congr)m(es)20 b(adhyaksh)p 1215 284 V 1493 257 a Fo(Laalu)f(\(2\))g(:)203 b Fg(unse)p Fo(])p 1215 376 V 1267 348 a(T)m(r)19 b(:)118 b(Retain)p 1047 379 1567 4 v 1402 527 a Fs(T)-7 b(able)20 b(3:)25 b(Analysis)c(for)e (\(6a\))822 802 y(b)m(.)55 b(jaise)937 902 y(as-if)1110 802 y Fe(v)o(e)1188 817 y Fk(1)p Fb(=)p Fk(#2)1110 902 y Fs(he)1189 917 y Fk(1)p Fb(=)p Fk(#2)1368 802 y Fs(apnii)1368 902 y(SELF)1582 802 y(partii)1758 814 y Fk(3)1582 902 y Fs(party)1754 914 y Fk(3)1815 802 y Fs(k)o(e)1815 902 y(of)1914 802 y(taaranhaar)1914 902 y(best-man)2280 802 y(kaa)2280 902 y(of)2416 802 y(sv)n(aagat)2416 902 y(reception)2746 802 y(kar)2746 902 y(doing)2956 802 y(rahe)2956 902 y(w)o(as)937 1010 y(hon)937 1109 y(be-subjunc.)937 1231 y(`as)20 b(if)h(he)f(w)o(as) h(recei)n(ving)e(the)h(best)g(man)g(of)g(his)h(party)-5 b(.)f(')p 591 1360 2478 4 v 641 1424 a Fo(\(i\))p 719 1452 4 92 v 59 w(Cb)19 b(:)111 b(Director)18 b(\(1\):)204 b Fg(ve)p 1816 1452 V 214 w Fo(\(ii\))p 1970 1452 V 61 w(Cb)19 b(:)111 b(Laalu)19 b(\(2\))g(:)264 b Fg(ve)p 719 1543 V 771 1516 a Fo(Cf)18 b(:)124 b([Director)18 b(\(1\))h(:)160 b Fg(ve)p 1816 1543 V 1970 1543 V 367 w Fo(Cf)19 b(:)123 b([Laalu)19 b(\(2\))g(:)239 b Fg(ve)p 719 1634 V 1009 1607 a Fo(party)19 b(\(3\))g(:)280 b Fg(partii)p Fo(])p 1816 1634 V 1970 1634 V 480 w(party)19 b(\(3\))g(:)281 b Fg(partii)p Fo(])p 719 1726 V 771 1698 a(T)m(r)19 b(:)130 b(Sm-Shift)p 1816 1726 V 1970 1726 V 741 w(T)m(r)19 b(:)130 b(Continue)p 591 1729 2478 4 v 719 1820 4 92 v 1009 1793 a Fc(Pr)o(eferr)o(ed)p 1816 1820 V 1970 1820 V 941 w(Dispr)o(eferr)o(ed)p 591 1824 2478 4 v 1400 1972 a Fs(T)-7 b(able)20 b(4:)25 b(Analysis)20 b(for)g(\(6b\))690 2255 y(\(6a\))27 b(has)h(a)h(Retain)f(transition,)h (where)e(the)h(pronoun)d Fr(unse)j Fs(\(which)f(refers)g(to)h(a)540 2355 y(man)d(called)g(Laalu)g(mentioned)f(in)h(the)h(utterance)e (before)g(\(6a\)\))g(is)i(the)g Fr(Cb)p Fs(.)41 b(In)25 b(\(6b\),)540 2455 y(the)g(pronoun)d Fr(ve)j Fs(can)g(refer)f(to)h (both)f Fr(Congr)m(ess)h(dir)m(ector)f Fs(and)h Fr(Laalu)p Fs(,)g(and)f(Step)h(2)g(of)540 2554 y(the)17 b(BFP)h(algorithm)d (yields)i(a)g(Smooth-shift)e(and)h(a)h(Continue)f(for)g(these)h(tw)o(o) g(anchors,)540 2654 y(sho)n(wn)f(in)h(tables)h(3)f(and)f(4.)24 b(Step)17 b(3)g(of)g(the)g(BFP)i(algorithm)c(w)o(ould)h(then)h(rank)f (the)h Fr(Con-)540 2754 y(tinue)i Fs(transition)g(abo)o(v)o(e)f(the)i Fr(Smooth-Shift)p Fs(,thus)c(assigning)j Fr(Laalu)g Fs(as)h(the)g (antecedent)540 2853 y(for)29 b(the)g(pronoun.)50 b(Ho)n(we)n(v)o(er)m (,)30 b(it)g(is)g(the)f Fr(Smooth-shift)f Fs(transition)h(which)g(gi)n (v)o(es)g(the)540 2953 y(correct)22 b(and)g(more)g(natural)g (interpretation.)1856 2923 y Fk(15)1956 2953 y Fs(Since)h(the)g(use)g (of)f(Rule)h(2)g(in)g(the)f(BFP)540 3052 y(algorithm)31 b(does)h(not)g(capture)g(the)g(clear)h(preference)d(for)i(the)g Fq(C)6 b(p)p Fl(\()p Fq(U)2679 3064 y Fm(i)f Fj(\000)p Fm(1)2805 3052 y Fl(\))33 b Fs(in)g(such)540 3152 y(cases,)21 b(we)f(propose)e(that)i(the)g(BFP)i(algorithm)c(should)h(be)h(reduced)e (to)i(a)h(simple)f(look-)540 3252 y(up)25 b(in)h(the)g Fr(Cf)p Fs(-list,)i(the)e(order)f(of)g(which)h(gi)n(v)o(es)f(the)h (preference)e(for)h(the)h(antecedents)540 3351 y(of)f(pronouns.)38 b(This,)27 b(as)f(will)g(be)f(sho)n(wn)g(in)g(the)h(ne)o(xt)e(section,) j(is)f(possible)f(with)h(the)540 3451 y(S-list)e(algorithm)e(since)i (it)g(does)f(not)g(use)h(the)f(centering)f(transitions)h(to)h(compute)e (the)540 3551 y(antecedents)d(for)h(the)g(pronouns.)p 540 3638 1032 4 v 609 3691 a Fi(15)674 3723 y Fo(The)28 b(Smooth-shift)g(transition)g(w)o(ould)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(been)g(obtained)h (e)n(v)o(en)g(if)e(the)h(pronoun)h(had)540 3815 y(been)g(zero)g (instead)g(of)g(o)o(v)o(ert.)52 b(This)28 b(is)g(dif)n(ferent)h(from)f (what)h(has)g(been)g(said)g(about)g(Italian)540 3906 y(by)d(Di)f(Eugenio)h(\(1998\).)43 b(In)25 b(Italian,)i(a)e (Smooth-shift)g(or)h(a)f(Retain)g(is)g(preferred)h(with)f(o)o(v)o(ert) 540 3997 y(pronouns,)20 b(b)o(ut)f(a)g(Continue)h(transition)f(is)f (preferred)i(with)e(null)h(pronouns.)p eop %%Page: 13 13 13 12 bop 746 -230 a Fo(DISCOURSE)17 b(SALIENCE)g(AND)h(PR)m(ONOUN)g (RESOLUTION)f(IN)h(HINDI)123 b Fs(13)690 90 y(The)17 b(second)g(type)g(of)h(error)e(generates)h(ambiguities)g(for)g Fq(U)2433 102 y Fm(i)2481 90 y Fs(when)h(the)f(follo)n(wing)540 190 y(tw)o(o)j(conditions)f(hold:)586 341 y(1.)90 b(\(a\))41 b(when)20 b(the)h Fq(C)6 b(b)p Fl(\()p Fq(U)1396 353 y Fm(i)f Fj(\000)p Fm(1)1522 341 y Fl(\))22 b Fs(is)g(unde\002ned)d (\(after)h(se)o(gment)g(boundaries)f(and)i(af-)873 441 y(ter)e(interv)o(ening)e(utterances)i(without)f(anaphoric)f (relationships)i(to)g(the)h(im-)873 541 y(mediately)f(pre)n(vious)f (conte)o(xt\),)h(or)734 642 y(\(b\))41 b(when)19 b(the)h(pronoun)e (under)h(consideratiion)f(cannot)h(co-specify)f(the)873 742 y Fq(C)6 b(b)p Fl(\()p Fq(U)1072 754 y Fm(i)f Fj(\000)p Fm(1)1197 742 y Fl(\))p Fs(,)21 b(and)586 877 y(2.)41 b Fq(U)756 889 y Fm(i)812 877 y Fs(contains)25 b(a)g(pronoun)e(\(with)h (features)h(not)g(identical)f(to)i(an)o(y)e(other)g(pronoun)690 977 y(in)c Fq(U)841 989 y Fm(i)872 977 y Fs(\))g(which)g(has)g(more)g (than)f(one)h(possible)g(antecedent)f(in)h Fq(C)6 b(f)j Fl(\()p Fq(U)2738 989 y Fm(i)c Fj(\000)p Fm(1)2863 977 y Fl(\))p Fs(.)690 1109 y(Under)20 b(these)i(conditions)e(the)h (algorithm)f(generates)g(ambiguous)f(readings)h(with)540 1209 y(the)g(same)h(transition)e(and)g(which)h(cannot)f(be)h (disambiguated)e(by)i(Step)g(3)h(of)e(the)i(BFP-)540 1309 y(algorithm.)33 b(This)23 b(leads)g(to)h(an)f(ambiguity)-5 b(,)22 b(and)h(possibly)f(an)h(error)g(chain)f(that)i(could)540 1408 y(continue)16 b(throughout)d(the)18 b(discourse)e(se)o(gment)g (and)g(be)o(yond.)22 b(Condition)16 b(\(1a\),)g(where)540 1508 y(the)28 b Fq(C)6 b(b)p Fl(\()p Fq(U)869 1520 y Fm(i)f Fj(\000)p Fm(1)994 1508 y Fl(\))29 b Fs(is)f(unde\002ned,)g(is)h (illustrated)e(in)h(e)o(xample)e(\(7\).)2481 1478 y Fk(16)2599 1508 y Fs(Though)f(the)j(e)o(x-)540 1608 y(ample)d(is)h(from)f(Hindi,)h (such)f(ambiguities)g(w)o(ould)g(be)g(generated)f(for)h(an)o(y)f (language)540 1707 y(\(pro)o(vided)17 b(the)k(conditions)d(described)h (in)h(\(1\))g(and)g(\(2\))f(abo)o(v)o(e)g(hold\).)623 1857 y(\(7\))102 b(a.)56 b(B.Singh)1208 1869 y Fk(1)937 1956 y Fs(B.Singh)1208 1968 y Fk(1)1265 1857 y Fs(apni)1409 1869 y Fk(1)1265 1956 y Fs(his)1362 1968 y Fk(1)1466 1857 y Fs(aadhi)1466 1956 y(half)1666 1857 y(se)1666 1956 y(than)1830 1857 y(adhik)1830 1956 y(more)2035 1857 y(sampatti)2317 1869 y Fk(2)2035 1956 y Fs(wealth)2257 1968 y Fk(2)2375 1857 y Fs(v)n(akilon)2624 1869 y Fk(3)2375 1956 y Fs(la)o(wyers)2633 1968 y Fk(3)2689 1857 y Fs(k)o(o)2689 1956 y(to)2792 1857 y(bhent)2792 1956 y(present)937 2064 y(kar)937 2164 y(do)1064 2064 y(chuk)o(e)1064 2164 y(perf.)1282 2064 y(the)1282 2164 y(had.)937 2281 y(`B.SiNgh)19 b(had)h(presented)f (more)g(than)h(half)g(of)g(his)h(wealth)f(to)g(la)o(wyers.)-6 b(')p 1074 2389 1513 4 v 1123 2459 a(\(i\))p 1250 2489 4 100 v 99 w(Cb)21 b(:)100 b(none)p 1250 2589 V 1301 2559 a(Cf)21 b(:)114 b([BS)21 b(\(1\))e(:)409 b Fr(B.Singh)p 1250 2688 V 1542 2658 a Fs(W)-7 b(ealth)21 b(\(2\))e(:)305 b Fr(sampatti)p 1250 2788 V 1542 2758 a Fs(La)o(wyers)19 b(\(3\))h(:)253 b Fr(vakiilon)p Fs(])p 1250 2887 V 1301 2858 a(T)m(r)21 b(:)121 b(none)p 1074 2891 1513 4 v 1402 3039 a(T)-7 b(able)20 b(5:)25 b(Analysis)c(for)e(\(7a\))822 3238 y(b)m(.)55 b Fe(unki)1098 3253 y Fk(1)p Fb(=)p Fk(3)937 3338 y Fs(his)1034 3350 y Fk(1)1071 3338 y Fs(/their)1247 3350 y Fk(3)1304 3238 y Fs(v)n(artamaan)1304 3338 y(present)1669 3238 y(aaya)1822 3250 y Fk(4)1669 3338 y Fs(salary)1868 3350 y Fk(4)1925 3238 y Fs(ek)1925 3338 y(one)2065 3238 y(hazaar)2065 3338 y(thousand)2386 3238 y(rupaye)2614 3250 y Fk(5)2386 3338 y Fs(rupees)2604 3350 y Fk(5)2670 3238 y Fs(v)n(aarshik)2670 3338 y(annually)937 3446 y(se)937 3545 y(than)1100 3446 y(adhik)1100 3545 y(more)1306 3446 y(na)1306 3545 y(not)1433 3446 y(thii.)1433 3545 y(w)o(as.)937 3662 y(`His/Their)23 b(current)g(salary)g(w)o(as)i(not)e(more)g(than)h (one)f(thousand)f(rupees)937 3762 y(annually)-5 b(.)f(')p 540 3820 1032 4 v 609 3874 a Fi(16)674 3906 y Fo(From)22 b(\223Bare)h(Ghar)f(kii)g(Betii\224.)32 b(Short)22 b(story)g(in)g Fg(Pr)m(emc)o(hand:)31 b(Pr)o(atinidhi)22 b(kahaaniyaan)p Fo(.)540 3997 y(1987,)e(p.62.)978 4198 y Fg(U)n(.)f(P)-6 b(enn)19 b(W)-7 b(orking)20 b(P)-6 b(aper)o(s)20 b(in)e(Linguistics:)24 b(V)-8 b(olume)18 b(6.3,)h(2000,)h(pp.)j(189-208)p Fo(.)p eop %%Page: 14 14 14 13 bop 540 -230 a Fs(14)535 b Fo(RASHMI)18 b(PRASAD)g(&)h(MICHAEL)f (STR)m(UBE)p 561 11 2537 4 v 611 80 a Fs(\(i\))p 689 110 4 100 v 51 w(Cb)g(:)100 b(BS)21 b(\(1\):)276 b Fr(unki)p 1786 110 V 196 w Fs(\(ii\))p 1940 110 V 51 w(Cb)18 b(:)100 b(La)o(wyers)19 b(\(3\))h(:)134 b Fr(unki)p 689 210 V 741 180 a Fs(Cf)21 b(:)111 b([BS)20 b(\(1\))g(:)229 b Fr(unki)p 1786 210 V 1940 210 V 349 w Fs(Cf)21 b(:)111 b([La)o(wyers)19 b(\(3\))h(:)106 b Fr(unki)p 689 309 V 979 279 a Fs(Salary)19 b(\(4\))h(:)146 b Fr(aayaa)p 1786 309 V 1940 309 V 526 w Fs(Salary)20 b(\(4\))f(:)207 b Fr(aayaa)p 689 409 V 979 379 a Fs(Rupees)20 b(\(5\))f(:)114 b Fr(rupaye)p Fs(])p 1786 409 V 1940 409 V 471 w(Rupees)20 b(\(5\))g(:)174 b Fr(rupaye)p Fs(])p 689 509 V 741 479 a(T)m(r)20 b(:)119 b(Continue)p 1786 509 V 1940 509 V 706 w(T)m(r)21 b(:)118 b(Continue)p 561 512 2537 4 v 1400 660 a(T)-7 b(able)20 b(6:)25 b(Analysis)20 b(for)g(\(7b\))690 942 y(The)j(analysis)g(for)f(the)h(utterances)f(is)i(pro)o(vided)d (belo)n(w)h(the)h(e)o(xamples.)32 b(\(7a\))22 b(has)540 1042 y(no)c Fr(Cb)h Fs(and)e(its)j Fr(Cf)p Fs(-list)f(has)g(three)e (elements.)24 b(\(7b\))18 b(contains)f(one)h(pronoun,)e Fr(unki)p Fs(.)23 b(Step)540 1141 y(1)17 b(of)g(the)g(BFP-algorithm)e (generates)h(three)h(anchors)e(for)i(each)f(element)h(of)f(the)h Fr(Cf)p Fs(\(7a\)-)540 1241 y(list.)26 b(Step)18 b(2)h(eliminates)g Fr(W)-8 b(ealth)19 b Fs(as)g(a)g(possible)g(antecedent)e(because)h(it)h (does)g(not)f(pass)540 1340 y(the)j(\002lter)g(\()p Fr(wealth)g Fs(is)h(singular)e(whereas)h(the)g(pronoun)d Fr(unki)j Fs(is)h(plural/honori\002c\).)i Fr(BS)540 1440 y Fs(and)f Fr(Lawyer)o(s)i Fs(pass)g(the)f(\002lter)g(since)g(the)g(former)f(is)i (honori\002c)d(and)h(the)h(latter)h(plural.)540 1540 y(These)d(tw)o(o)h(anchors,)f(with)h Fr(BS)f Fs(and)g Fr(Lawyer)o(s)i Fs(resolv)o(ed)d(to)i(the)g(pronoun,)d(are)i(sho)n(wn) 540 1639 y(in)29 b(7b\(i\))f(and)g(7b\(ii\).)51 b(No)n(w)-5 b(,)30 b(Step)f(3)g(is)h(applied)e(to)h(rank)g(the)g(transitions)f(for) g(these)540 1739 y(anchors.)c(Ho)n(we)n(v)o(er)m(,)18 b(this)i(cannot)f(be)h(done)f(since)i(both)e(the)h(transitions)g(are)g (Continue)540 1839 y(\()p Fr(Cb)p Fs(\(7a\))26 b(is)i(unde\002ned,)f (and)f Fr(Cb)p Fs(\(7b\))g(=)h Fr(Cp)p Fs(\(7b\)\).)45 b(Inability)26 b(to)h(rank)f(the)h(tw)o(o)h(must)540 1938 y(lea)n(v)o(e)g(the)g(pronoun)d(resolv)o(ed)i(to)h(both)g Fr(BS)g Fs(and)f Fr(Lawyer)o(s)p Fs(,)k(thus)d(creating)f(an)h(ambi-) 540 2038 y(guity)-5 b(.)30 b(Cases)23 b(such)f(as)h(these)f(suggest)g (that)g(the)h(ambiguities)e(are)h(generated)e(because)540 2137 y(of)i(the)g(use)g(of)g(the)g Fq(C)6 b(b)22 b Fs(for)g(the)g (computation)d(of)j(pronominal)e(antecedents.)29 b(W)-7 b(e)23 b(note)540 2237 y(again)e(that)i(the)f(antecedent)f(can)h(be)g (correctly)f(selected)i(by)f(a)h(simple)f(look-up)e(in)j(the)540 2337 y Fq(C)6 b(f)j Fs(-list,)21 b(as)f(is)i(done)d(in)h(the)g(S-list)h (algorithm.)540 2592 y Fv(5)50 b(The)26 b(S-list)e(Algorithm)540 2802 y Fs(The)k(S-list)g(algorithm)f(\(Strube)g(1998\))f(is)j(based)f (on)f(a)h(model)g(which)f(consists)h(of)g(a)540 2901 y(single)d(construct,)g(called)g(the)g(S-list,)i(and)e(one)f (operation,)g(the)h(insertion)g(operation.)540 3001 y(The)k(model)g(is) h(designed)e(to)i(be)f(applied)f(incrementally)g(and)h(describes)g(the) g(atten-)540 3101 y(tional)h(state)h(of)g(the)f(hearer)g(at)h(an)o(y)f (point)f(in)i(the)g(discourse.)55 b(The)30 b(S-list)h(contains)540 3200 y(some)c(discourse)g(entities)h(which)f(are)h(realized)f(in)h(the) f(current)g(as)h(well)g(as)h(the)e(pre-)540 3300 y(vious)i(utterance.) 54 b(A)30 b(ranking)e(is)j(imposed)e(on)h(the)g(elements)g(of)f(the)h (S-list,)k(being)540 3399 y(determined)20 b(by)i(information)e(status)i (and/or)f(w)o(ord)h(order)e(\(Strube)i(and)f(Hahn)h(1999\),)540 3499 y(and)31 b(the)g(order)f(among)g(the)h(elements)g(pro)o(vides)e (straightforw)o(ard)g(preferences)g(for)540 3599 y(the)f(antecedents)g (of)g(pronominal)d(e)o(xpressions.)48 b(Ho)n(we)n(v)o(er)m(,)29 b(in)f(Hindi,)i(as)f(we)g(hope)540 3698 y(to)23 b(ha)n(v)o(e)e(sho)n (wn)h(conclusi)n(v)o(ely)e(in)j(Section)f(3,)h(information)d(status)j (or)f(w)o(ord)g(order)f(do)540 3798 y(not)h(seem)h(to)f(af)n(fect)g (the)h(salience)f(of)g(discourse)g(entities.)32 b(Based)22 b(on)g(our)g(results,)h(we)540 3898 y(propose)28 b(the)h(follo)n(wing)f (con)m(v)o(entions)e(for)j(ranking)f(the)h(S-list)h(elements)f(in)h (Hindi:)540 3997 y(the)24 b(3-tuple)f Fl(\()p Fq(x;)14 b(utt)1150 4009 y Fm(x)1193 3997 y Fq(;)g Fd(gr)1312 4009 y Fm(x)1355 3997 y Fl(\))25 b Fs(denotes)f(a)h(discourse)e(entity) h Fq(x)h Fs(which)f(is)h Fr(e)o(vok)o(ed)e Fs(in)i(ut-)p eop %%Page: 15 15 15 14 bop 746 -230 a Fo(DISCOURSE)17 b(SALIENCE)g(AND)h(PR)m(ONOUN)g (RESOLUTION)f(IN)h(HINDI)123 b Fs(15)540 90 y(terance)18 b Fq(utt)907 102 y Fm(x)968 90 y Fs(with)g(the)h(grammatical)d(role)i Fq(g)s(r)1918 102 y Fm(x)1962 90 y Fs(.)24 b(W)m(ith)19 b(respect)f(to)g(an)o(y)g(tw)o(o)g(discourse)540 190 y(entities)29 b Fl(\()p Fq(x;)14 b(utt)1033 202 y Fm(x)1076 190 y Fq(;)g Fd(gr)1195 202 y Fm(x)1238 190 y Fl(\))30 b Fs(and)e Fl(\()p Fq(y)s(;)14 b(utt)1670 202 y Fm(y)1712 190 y Fq(;)g Fd(gr)1831 202 y Fm(y)1873 190 y Fl(\))p Fs(,)32 b(with)d Fq(utt)2243 202 y Fm(x)2315 190 y Fs(and)f Fq(utt)2572 202 y Fm(y)2643 190 y Fs(specifying)g(the)540 289 y(current)18 b(utterance)g Fq(U)1185 301 y Fm(i)1235 289 y Fs(or)h(the)g(preceding)e(utterance)h Fq(U)2182 301 y Fm(i)5 b Fj(\000)p Fm(1)2307 289 y Fs(,)19 b(we)h(set)f(up)g(the) g(follo)n(wing)540 389 y(ordering)f(constraints)i(on)f(elements)h(in)h (the)f(S-list)h(\(T)-7 b(able)20 b(7\).)2368 359 y Fk(17)p 733 515 2194 4 v 731 614 4 100 v 783 584 a Fs(\(1\))99 b(If)20 b Fq(g)s(r)1138 596 y Fm(x)1204 584 y Fq(>)j Fd(gr)1374 596 y Fm(y)1416 584 y Fs(,)e(then)f Fq(x)j(<)g(y)s Fs(.)p 2925 614 V 731 714 V 2925 714 V 731 776 V 783 746 a(\(2\))99 b(If)20 b Fq(g)s(r)1138 758 y Fm(x)1204 746 y Fl(=)j Fd(gr)1374 758 y Fm(y)p 2925 776 V 731 876 V 980 846 a Fs(then)c(if)i Fq(utt)1323 858 y Fm(x)1386 846 y Fs(follo)n(ws)f Fq(utt)1762 858 y Fm(y)1804 846 y Fs(,)g(then)g Fq(x)j(<)g(y)s Fs(,)p 2925 876 V 731 975 V 1146 946 a(if)d Fq(utt)1325 958 y Fm(x)1391 946 y Fl(=)i Fd(utt)1587 958 y Fm(y)1649 946 y Fs(and)e Fq(pos)1911 958 y Fm(x)1974 946 y Fs(precedes)g Fq(pos)2407 958 y Fm(y)2449 946 y Fs(,)g(then)g Fq(x)k(<)e(y)s Fs(.)p 2925 975 V 733 979 2194 4 v 1132 1127 a(T)-7 b(able)20 b(7:)26 b(Ranking)19 b(Constraints)h(on)f(the)i(S-list)690 1331 y(The)f(algorithm)f(proposed)g(in)i(Strube)f(\(1998\))e(together)h (with)i(the)g(language)e(spe-)540 1430 y(ci\002c)e(ordering)d (constraints)h(proposed)f(for)h(Hindi)h(resolv)o(es)g(the)g(pronouns)d (by)j(a)h(simple)540 1530 y(look-up)22 b(in)j(the)g(S-list,)h(and)e (the)h(elements)f(are)h(tested)g(in)f(the)h(gi)n(v)o(en)e(order)h (until)g(one)540 1630 y(test)d(succeeds.)k(The)19 b(algorithm)g(\(tak)o (en)g(from)h(Strube)f(\(1998\)\))f(is)j(gi)n(v)o(en)e(as)i(follo)n(ws:) 586 1819 y(1.)41 b(If)20 b(a)h(referring)d(e)o(xpression)g(is)k (encountered,)739 1976 y(\(a\))41 b(if)26 b(it)i(is)f(a)g(pronoun,)e (test)j(the)e(elements)g(of)g(the)h(S-list)g(in)g(the)g(gi)n(v)o(en)e (order)873 2076 y(until)20 b(the)g(test)h(succeeds;)1623 2045 y Fk(18)734 2194 y Fs(\(b\))41 b(update)21 b(S-list;)k(the)e (position)f(of)g(the)h(referring)d(e)o(xpression)h(under)h(consid-)873 2294 y(eration)17 b(is)i(determined)d(by)i(the)g(S-list-ranking)e (criteria)i(which)f(are)h(used)g(as)873 2394 y(an)i(insertion)f (algorithm.)586 2550 y(2.)41 b(If)31 b(the)g(analysis)g(of)g(utterance) f Fr(U)h Fs(is)h(\002nished,)h(remo)o(v)o(e)c(all)j(discourse)e (entities)690 2650 y(from)19 b(the)h(S-list,)h(which)f(are)g(not)g Fr(r)m(ealized)g Fs(in)g Fr(U)p Fs(.)540 2867 y Fv(6)50 b(Empirical)25 b(Data)540 3076 y Fs(In)d(this)h(section,)g(we)f (present)g(the)h(results)f(of)g(the)h(application)e(of)h(the)g(BFP)i (algorithm)540 3175 y(and)c(the)g(S-list)h(algorithm)e(to)h(pronoun)d (resolution)i(in)i(Hindi)f(te)o(xts.)25 b(W)-7 b(e)21 b(used)f(the)g(fol-)540 3275 y(lo)n(wing)i(guidelines)f(for)h(our)g (tests)h(\(see)g(W)-7 b(alk)o(er)23 b(\(1989\)\).)29 b(The)22 b(basic)h(unit)f(for)g(which)540 3375 y(the)k(centering)f (data)g(structures)h(are)g(generated)e(is)j(the)f(utterance.)41 b(The)26 b(utterance)f Fr(U)p 540 3455 1032 4 v 609 3509 a Fi(17)674 3541 y Fo(The)c(relation)g Fh(<)f Fo(between)h(tw)o(o)g (entities)f Fh(x)g Fo(and)h Fh(y)i Fo(denotes)e(their)f(relati)n(v)o(e) h(ordering)g(in)g(the)540 3632 y(S-list.)29 b(The)22 b(relations)f Fh(>)g Fo(and)i(=)e(between)h Fh(g)s(r)1784 3640 y Fa(x)1842 3632 y Fo(and)g Fh(g)s(r)2048 3640 y Fa(y)2105 3632 y Fo(indicate)g(that)f(the)h(grammatical)g(role)540 3723 y(of)d Fh(x)g Fo(is)f(higher)i(then)g(that)f(of)g Fh(y)i Fo(in)e(the)h(ranking)g(heirarchy)f(or)h(that)f(the)g (grammatical)g(roles)g(of)g Fh(x)540 3815 y Fo(and)h Fh(y)h Fo(are)e(the)g(same.)609 3874 y Fi(18)674 3906 y Fo(T)-5 b(esting)19 b(the)h(elements)f(of)h(the)f(S-list)f(in)m(v)o (olv)o(es)h(checking)i(for)e(agreement)h(features,)g(coref-)540 3997 y(erence)g(restrictions)e(and)i(sortal)f(constraints.)978 4198 y Fg(U)n(.)g(P)-6 b(enn)19 b(W)-7 b(orking)20 b(P)-6 b(aper)o(s)20 b(in)e(Linguistics:)24 b(V)-8 b(olume)18 b(6.3,)h(2000,)h(pp.)j(189-208)p Fo(.)p eop %%Page: 16 16 16 15 bop 540 -230 a Fs(16)535 b Fo(RASHMI)18 b(PRASAD)g(&)h(MICHAEL)f (STR)m(UBE)540 90 y Fs(is)k(de\002ned)d(as)i(a)g(sentence.)26 b(Coordinated)19 b(clauses)i(are)f(tak)o(en)g(as)i(separate)e (utterances.)540 190 y(A)j(se)o(gment)e(is)i(de\002ned)e(as)i(a)f (paragraph)e(unless)i(its)h(\002rst)g(sentence)e(has)i(a)f(pronoun)d (in)540 289 y(subject)26 b(position)f(or)g(a)i(pronoun)c(where)i(none)g (of)h(the)g(preceding)e(sentence-internal)540 389 y(noun)19 b(phrases)h(matches)f(its)j(syntactic)d(features)h(\(cf.)g(W)-7 b(alk)o(er)20 b(\(1989\)\).)690 489 y(According)26 b(to)i(the)g (preference)e(for)h(inter)n(-sentential)g(candidates)g(in)h(Centering) 540 588 y(theory)-5 b(,)32 b(we)f(de\002ned)f(the)h(follo)n(wing)e (anaphora)g(resolution)g(strate)o(gy)h(for)h(the)g(BFP-)540 688 y(algorithm)21 b(\(at)i(the)g(be)o(ginning)d(of)j(a)g(discourse)f (se)o(gment)g(the)h(order)e(of)i(steps)g(1)g(and)f(2)540 788 y(is)f(re)n(v)o(ersed\):)586 997 y(1.)41 b(test)21 b(elements)f(of)g Fq(C)6 b(f)j Fl(\()p Fq(U)1445 1009 y Fm(i)c Fj(\000)p Fm(1)1570 997 y Fl(\))p Fs(,)586 1179 y(2.)41 b(test)21 b(elements)f(of)g Fq(U)1298 1191 y Fm(i)1349 1179 y Fs(left-to-right,)586 1362 y(3.)41 b(test)21 b(elements)f(of)g Fq(C)6 b(f)j Fl(\()p Fq(U)1445 1374 y Fm(i)c Fj(\000)p Fm(2)1570 1362 y Fl(\))p Fs(,)21 b Fq(C)6 b(f)j Fl(\()p Fq(U)1857 1374 y Fm(i)c Fj(\000)p Fm(3)1982 1362 y Fl(\))p Fs(,)21 b(...)540 1579 y Fe(6.1)40 b(Analysis)21 b(and)f(Results)540 1788 y Fs(F)o(or)c(our)g(e)n(v)n (aluation)e(of)i(the)h(tw)o(o)f(algorithms,)g(we)h(analyzed)e(some)h (Hindi)g(te)o(xts.)2897 1758 y Fk(19)2991 1788 y Fs(The)540 1887 y(results)j(of)e(our)h(analysis)g(are)g(gi)n(v)o(en)f(in)i(T)-7 b(able)18 b(8.)24 b(The)18 b(\002rst)h(tw)o(o)g(ro)n(ws)f(gi)n(v)o(e)f (the)h(number)540 1987 y(of)i(utterances)e(in)i(the)g(test)h(set)g(and) e(the)h(number)e(of)h(pronouns.)k(The)c(remainder)f(of)i(the)540 2087 y(table)h(is)i(di)n(vided)d(into)h(tw)o(o)g(parts,)h(each)f (containing)e(results)j(for)f(the)g(tw)o(o)h(algorithms,)540 2186 y(respecti)n(v)o(ely)-5 b(.)34 b(F)o(or)23 b(each)h(algorithm,)f (the)g(number)f(of)i(correct)f(and)g(incorrect)f(resolu-)540 2286 y(tions)f(are)h(gi)n(v)o(en)e(in)h(the)h(ro)n(ws)f(mark)o(ed)f Fr(corr)m(ect)i Fs(and)f Fr(wr)l(ong)p Fs(.)28 b(The)22 b(wrong)e(resolutions)540 2386 y(are)g(further)f(brok)o(en)f(up)i(by)g (the)g(type)g(of)g(error)f(and)g(are)h(described)f(as)i(follo)n(ws:)607 2595 y Fn(\017)41 b Fr(wr)l(ong)20 b(\(str)o(ate)m(gic\))f Fs(means)h(that)h(the)f(errors)g(are)g(directly)f(produced)f(by)i(the)g (strat-)690 2694 y(e)o(gy)f(of)h(the)h(algorithm;)607 2877 y Fn(\017)41 b Fr(wr)l(ong)20 b(\(ambiguity\))e Fs(gi)n(v)o(es)i(the)g(number)f(of)h(ambiguous)e(analyses;)607 3059 y Fn(\017)41 b Fr(wr)l(ong)26 b(\(intr)o(a-sentential\))d Fs(means)i(that)h(the)f(errors)g(are)h(caused)f(by)g(unspeci\002ed)690 3159 y(preferences)18 b(for)i(intra-sentential)f(antecedents;)607 3341 y Fn(\017)41 b Fr(wr)l(ong)20 b(\(c)o(hain\))e Fs(means)i(that)h (the)f(errors)f(were)h(caused)g(by)g(error)f(chains;)607 3524 y Fn(\017)41 b Fr(wr)l(ong)24 b(\(other\))g Fs(gi)n(v)o(es)g(the)g (remaining)f(errors)g(\(for)h(e)o(xample,)f(errors)h(relating)f(to)690 3623 y(missing)d(speci\002cations)g(for)f(anaphora)f(across)j(se)o (gment)e(boundaries\).)p 540 3820 1032 4 v 609 3874 a Fi(19)674 3906 y Fo(The)h(test)f(set)h(consisted)h(of)e(tw)o(o)h(short) g(stories)g(by)g(Indian)g(no)o(v)o(elists,)g(Munshi)h(Premchand)540 3997 y(and)f(Usha)f(Priyamv)n(ada,)g(and)h(one)f(article)g(from)g(a)g (ne)n(ws)g(magazine,)g Fg(India)h(T)-7 b(oday)p Fo(.)p eop %%Page: 17 17 17 16 bop 746 -230 a Fo(DISCOURSE)17 b(SALIENCE)g(AND)h(PR)m(ONOUN)g (RESOLUTION)f(IN)h(HINDI)123 b Fs(17)p 660 11 2340 4 v 658 110 4 100 v 2007 110 V 2058 80 a(Prem)99 b(V)-9 b(aap)104 b(IT)p 2730 110 V 99 w(T)-7 b(otal)p 2998 110 V 660 113 2340 4 v 658 213 4 100 v 710 183 a(Utterances)p 2007 213 V 1085 w(57)140 b(139)98 b(71)p 2730 213 V 143 w(267)p 2998 213 V 658 313 V 710 283 a(Pronouns)p 2007 313 V 1125 w(41)140 b(100)98 b(45)p 2730 313 V 143 w(186)p 2998 313 V 660 316 2340 4 v 658 416 4 100 v 1103 416 V 1154 386 a Fe(Corr)o(ect)p 2007 416 V 720 w Fs(18)181 b(79)99 b(38)p 2730 416 V 143 w(135)p 2998 416 V 658 515 V 1103 515 V 1154 485 a Fe(Wr)o(ong)p 2007 515 V 748 w Fs(23)181 b(21)140 b(7)p 2730 515 V 185 w(51)p 2998 515 V 1104 519 1896 4 v 658 615 4 100 v 710 585 a Fe(BFP)20 b(Alg)o(.)p 1103 615 V 122 w Fs(Wrong)f(\(strate)o(gic\))p 2007 615 V 450 w(6)224 b(5)140 b(3)p 2730 615 V 185 w(14)p 2998 615 V 658 715 V 1103 715 V 1154 685 a(Wrong)19 b(\(ambiguity\))p 2007 715 V 392 w(5)224 b(2)140 b(1)p 2730 715 V 227 w(8)p 2998 715 V 658 814 V 1103 814 V 1154 784 a(Wrong)19 b (\(intra-sentential\))p 2007 814 V 231 w(3)224 b(4)140 b(1)p 2730 814 V 227 w(8)p 2998 814 V 658 914 V 1103 914 V 1154 884 a(Wrong)19 b(\(other\))p 2007 914 V 559 w(3)224 b(5)140 b(0)p 2730 914 V 227 w(8)p 2998 914 V 658 1013 V 1103 1013 V 1154 984 a(Wrong)19 b(\(chain\))p 2007 1013 V 550 w(6)224 b(5)140 b(2)p 2730 1013 V 185 w(13)p 2998 1013 V 660 1017 2340 4 v 658 1116 4 100 v 1103 1116 V 1154 1086 a Fe(Corr)o(ect)p 2007 1116 V 720 w Fs(34)181 b(88)99 b(44)p 2730 1116 V 143 w(166)p 2998 1116 V 658 1216 V 1103 1216 V 1154 1186 a Fe(Wr)o(ong)p 2007 1216 V 789 w Fs(7)182 b(12)140 b(1)p 2730 1216 V 185 w(20)p 2998 1216 V 1104 1219 1896 4 v 658 1316 4 100 v 710 1286 a Fe(S-list)20 b(Alg)o(.)p 1103 1316 V 99 w Fs(Wrong)f(\(strate)o(gic\))p 2007 1316 V 450 w(2)224 b(1)140 b(1)p 2730 1316 V 227 w(4)p 2998 1316 V 658 1415 V 1103 1415 V 1154 1385 a(Wrong)19 b(\(other\))p 2007 1415 V 559 w(3)224 b(5)140 b(0)p 2730 1415 V 227 w(8)p 2998 1415 V 658 1515 V 1103 1515 V 1154 1485 a(Wrong)19 b(\(chain\))p 2007 1515 V 550 w(2)224 b(6)140 b(0)p 2730 1515 V 227 w(8)p 2998 1515 V 660 1518 2340 4 v 1019 1666 a(T)-7 b(able)20 b(8:)25 b(Results)d(of)e(the)g(BFP)h(and)f(S-list)h (Algorithm)540 1940 y Fe(6.2)40 b(Ev)o(aluation)540 2149 y Fs(The)23 b Fr(wr)l(ong)h(\(other\))e Fs(errors)h(for)g(both)g (algorithms)f(were)i(caused)f(by)g(underspeci\002ca-)540 2249 y(tion)f(for)f(the)h(de\002nition)f(of)h(the)g(discourse)f(se)o (gment.)30 b(In)22 b(other)f(w)o(ords,)h(the)g(pronouns)540 2349 y(were)h(found)f(to)h(select)h(an)g(antecedent)e(too)h(f)o(ar)g (back)g(in)g(the)h(discourse.)2702 2319 y Fk(20)2806 2349 y Fs(The)f(table)540 2448 y(sho)n(ws)18 b(that)g(the)h(BFP)g (algorithm)e(generates)g(errors)g(due)h(to)g(ambiguities)f(\()p Fr(wr)l(ong)h(\(am-)540 2548 y(biguity\))p Fs(\).)32 b(This)24 b(is)g(because)f(the)g(algorithm)e(implements)i(the)g(model)f (by)h(comparing)540 2648 y(possible)18 b(transitions,)g(which)g (results)h(in)g(ine)n(vitable)e(ambiguities)h(in)g(the)h(tw)o(o)g (types)f(of)540 2747 y(cases)i(discussed)g(in)f(Section)g(4.)25 b(The)19 b(S-list)i(algorithm,)d(on)h(the)g(other)g(hand,)g(does)g(not) 540 2847 y(generate)d(an)o(y)h(ambiguities)f(because)h(of)g(its)i (simple)e(look-up)e(in)j(the)f(S-list)i(for)d(the)i(\002rst)540 2946 y(possible)e(antecedent)f(match.)23 b(The)16 b(BFP)i(algorithm)c (also)j(generates)f(errors)f(due)h(to)g(un-)540 3046 y(speci\002ed)25 b(preferences)e(for)h(intra-sentential)f(anaphora)g (\()p Fr(wr)l(ong)i(\(intr)o(a-sentential\))p Fs(\),)540 3146 y(which)e(are)g(not)g(found)f(in)h(the)h(application)e(of)h(the)g (S-list)h(algorithm)e(because)h(it)h(inte-)540 3245 y(grates)19 b(preferences)d(for)j(inter)n(-)f(and)g(intra-sentential)g(anaphora)e (by)j(making)e(the)i(S-list)540 3345 y(span)h(across)g(multiple)g (utterances,)f(the)h(current)f(and)g(the)i(pre)n(vious.)690 3445 y(T)-7 b(o)29 b(summarize,)g(our)f(results)h(sho)n(w)f (\(con\002rming)e(Strube')-5 b(s)28 b(\(Strube)g(1998\))f(re-)540 3544 y(sults\))22 b(that)f(the)g(S-list)h(algorithm)d(performs)h (better)h(than)f(the)h(BFP)i(algorithm)c(in)i(gen-)540 3644 y(eral.)k(In)19 b(particular)m(,)f(we)i(ha)n(v)o(e)f(illustrated)g (that,)h(for)f(a)h(language)d(lik)o(e)j(Hindi,)f(in)h(which)p 540 3729 1032 4 v 609 3783 a Fi(20)674 3815 y Fo(W)-6 b(e)27 b(do)h(not)f(pursue)i(this)d(issue)i(here,)h(primarily)e (because)i(of)e(the)g(absence)i(of)e(an)o(y)h(pre-)540 3906 y(cise)21 b(and)g(implementable)h(de\002nition)f(of)f(the)h (discourse)h(se)o(gment)f(\(b)o(ut)g(see)g(Grosz)g(and)g(Sidner)540 3997 y(\(1986\)\).)978 4198 y Fg(U)n(.)e(P)-6 b(enn)19 b(W)-7 b(orking)20 b(P)-6 b(aper)o(s)20 b(in)e(Linguistics:)24 b(V)-8 b(olume)18 b(6.3,)h(2000,)h(pp.)j(189-208)p Fo(.)p eop %%Page: 18 18 18 17 bop 540 -230 a Fs(18)535 b Fo(RASHMI)18 b(PRASAD)g(&)h(MICHAEL)f (STR)m(UBE)540 90 y Fs(the)f(ranking)e(is)j(determined)d(by)h (grammatical)g(role)g(and)h(not)f(by)h(information)d(status)k(or)540 190 y(w)o(ord)f(order)m(,)f(the)h(algorithm)f(can)h(be)h(applied)e (straightforw)o(ardly)f(if)j(the)f(S-list)h(ranking)540 289 y(is)j(made)f(language-speci\002c.)540 556 y Fv(7)50 b(Conclusions)540 765 y Fs(In)16 b(this)i(paper)m(,)d(we)i(proposed)e (a)i(no)o(v)o(el)e(method)h(for)g(determining)e(the)j(relati)n(v)o(e)f (salience)540 865 y(in)22 b(discourse)f(entities)h(and)g(applied)f (this)h(method)f(to)h(Hindi.)30 b(W)-7 b(e)23 b(concluded)d(that)i(the) 540 965 y Fq(C)6 b(f)j Fs(-list)33 b(ranking)e(in)h(Hindi)g(is)h (crucially)f(determined)e(by)i Fr(gr)o(ammatical)f(r)l(ole)p Fs(,)36 b(and)540 1064 y(that)22 b(information)e(status)j(and)e(w)o (ord)h(order)f(do)g(not)h(ha)n(v)o(e)g(an)o(y)f(independent)e(ef)n (fect)j(on)540 1164 y(salience.)31 b(W)-7 b(e)24 b(also)e(applied)g (the)g(proposed)e(ranking)h(to)h(tw)o(o)h(pronoun)c(resolution)i(al-) 540 1264 y(gorithms,)26 b(the)f(BFP-algorithm)g(and)g(the)h(S-list)h (algorithm,)e(both)g(of)g(which)h(use)g(the)540 1363 y(notion)20 b(of)g(the)h Fq(C)6 b(f)j Fs(-list)22 b(for)e(computing)e (pronominal)h(antecedents,)g(and)h(sho)n(wed)g(that)540 1463 y(better)27 b(results)g(are)g(obtained)f(with)h(an)g(algorithm)f (that)h(does)g(not)f(mak)o(e)h(straightfor)n(-)540 1562 y(w)o(ard)20 b(use)g(of)g(the)g(Centering)g(notions)f(of)h(the)g Fq(C)6 b(b)21 b Fs(and)e(the)h(transitions.)540 1970 y Fv(Refer)n(ences)540 2171 y Fo(Brennan,)33 b(Susan)e(E.,)h(Marilyn)e (W)-7 b(.)29 b(Friedman,)k(and)e(Carl)e(J.)h(Pollard.)f(1987.)64 b(A)30 b(centering)690 2262 y(approach)20 b(to)f(pronouns.)29 b(In)19 b Fg(Pr)m(oc.)f(of)g(the)h(25)1903 2230 y Fa(th)1981 2262 y Fg(Annual)g(Meeting)h(of)f(the)f(Association)i(for)690 2353 y(Computational)g(Linguistics;)f(Stanfor)m(d,)h(Cal.,)e(6\2269)h (J)m(uly)h(1987)s Fo(,)g(155\226162.)540 2445 y(Chomsk)o(y)-5 b(,)20 b(Noam.)f(1981.)28 b Fg(Lectur)m(es)19 b(on)g(go)o(vernment)i (and)f(binding)p Fo(.)28 b(Dordrecht:)c(F)o(oris.)540 2536 y(Di)19 b(Eugenio,)h(Barbara.)f(1998.)30 b(Centering)19 b(in)h(Italian.)28 b(In)19 b Fg(Centering)h(theory)g(in)f(discour)o(se) p Fo(,)i(ed.)690 2627 y(M.A.)j(W)-6 b(alk)o(er)m(,)25 b(A.K.)e(Joshi,)j(and)f(E.F)-6 b(.)22 b(Prince,)j(115\226137.)h (Oxford,)g(UK:)e(Oxford)h(Uni)n(v)-5 b(.)690 2719 y(Pr)l(.)540 2810 y(Dimitriadis,)18 b(Ale)o(xis.)h(1996.)30 b(When)20 b(pro-drop)g(languages)i(don')o(t:)i(o)o(v)o(ert)19 b(pronominal)i (subjects)690 2901 y(and)f(pragmatic)f(inference.)28 b(In)19 b Fg(Chica)o(go)h(Linguistic)e(Society)p Fo(,)h(v)o(olume)h (32.)540 2993 y(Gambhir)m(,)i(V)l(ijay)-5 b(.)20 b(1981.)36 b(Syntactic)21 b(restrictions)g(and)h(discourse)h(functions)f(of)f(w)o (ord)h(order)g(in)690 3084 y(standard)e(hind.)27 b(Doctoral)19 b(Dissertation,)g(Uni)n(v)-5 b(.)19 b(of)g(Pennsylv)n(ania,)h (Philadelphia,)f(Penn.)540 3175 y(Gordon,)f(Peter)d(C.,)h(Barbara)h(J.) f(Grosz,)h(and)g(Laura)f(A.)g(Gilliom.)g(1993.)22 b(Pronouns,)c(names,) f(and)690 3267 y(the)i(centering)h(of)f(attention)g(in)g(discourse.)27 b Fg(Co)o(gnitive)20 b(Science)g Fo(17:311\226347.)540 3358 y(Grosz,)i(Barbara)g(J.,)f(Ara)o(vind)h(K.)f(Joshi,)h(and)g(Scott) f(W)-6 b(einstein.)21 b(1995.)36 b(Centering:)29 b(A)21 b(frame-)690 3449 y(w)o(ork)j(for)g(modeling)g(the)g(local)g(coherence) h(of)e(discourse.)43 b Fg(Computational)25 b(Linguistics)690 3541 y Fo(21:203\226225.)540 3632 y(Grosz,)17 b(Barbara)f(J.,)g(and)h (Candace)g(L.)e(Sidner)l(.)g(1986.)22 b(Attention,)17 b(intentions,)g(and)f(the)h(structure)690 3723 y(of)i(discourse.)28 b Fg(Computational)20 b(Linguistics)e Fo(12:175\226204.)540 3815 y(Hof)n(fman,)h(Beryl.)e(1998.)27 b(W)-6 b(ord)18 b(order)m(,)g(information)h(structure,)f(and)h(centering)g(in)f (Turkish.)26 b(In)690 3906 y Fg(Centering)d(in)f(Discour)o(se)p Fo(,)h(ed.)f(M.A.)f(W)-6 b(alk)o(er)m(,)23 b(A.K.)e(Joshi,)i(and)f(E.F) -6 b(.)21 b(Prince,)h(251\226271.)690 3997 y(Oxford,)d(UK:)f(Oxford)i (Uni)n(v)-5 b(.)19 b(Pr)l(.)p eop %%Page: 19 19 19 18 bop 746 -230 a Fo(DISCOURSE)17 b(SALIENCE)g(AND)h(PR)m(ONOUN)g (RESOLUTION)f(IN)h(HINDI)123 b Fs(19)540 90 y Fo(Horn,)18 b(Laurence)h(R.)f(1986.)27 b(Presupposition,)19 b(theme,)f(and)h(v)n (ariations.)26 b(In)19 b Fg(Chica)o(go)g(Linguistic)690 182 y(Society)p Fo(,)g(v)o(olume)g(22,)h(168\226192.)540 273 y(Hudson-D'Zmura,)h(Susan,)f(and)h(Michael)g(K.)e(T)-6 b(anenhaus.)21 b(1998.)32 b(Assigning)21 b(antecedents)g(to)690 364 y(ambiguous)d(pronouns:)23 b(The)16 b(role)g(of)g(the)h(center)f (of)g(attention)g(as)g(the)h(def)o(ault)f(assignment.)690 456 y(In)g Fg(Centering)i(in)e(discour)o(se)p Fo(,)i(ed.)e(M.A.)g(W)-6 b(alk)o(er)m(,)17 b(A.K.)f(Joshi,)h(and)g(E.F)-6 b(.)14 b(Prince,)j(199\226226.)690 547 y(Oxford,)i(UK:)f(Oxford)i(Uni)n(v)-5 b(.)19 b(Pr)l(.)540 638 y(Jae)o(ggli,)27 b(Osv)n(aldo,)h(and)e(K)n (enneth)h(J.)e(Sa\002r)m(,)g(ed.)h(1989.)49 b Fg(The)25 b(null)h(subject)g(par)o(ameter)r Fo(.)48 b(Dor)o(-)690 729 y(drecht,)19 b(The)g(Netherlands:)24 b(Kluwer)l(.)540 821 y(Jaspars,)17 b(Jan,)g(and)g(Me)o(gumi)g(Kame)o(yama.)g(1995.)22 b(Discourse)17 b(preferences)h(in)e(dynamic)h(seman-)690 912 y(tics.)26 b(In)19 b Fg(Pr)m(oceedings)h(of)f(the)g(T)-7 b(enth)19 b(Amster)m(dam)g(Colloquium)p Fo(,)g(445\226464.)540 1003 y(Kame)o(yama,)j(Me)o(gumi.)f(1985.)33 b(Zero)20 b(anaphora:)28 b(The)21 b(case)g(of)f(japanese.)33 b(Doctoral)21 b(Disserta-)690 1095 y(tion,)e(Stanford)g(Uni)n(v)o(ersity)-5 b(,)19 b(Linguistics)f(Department,)i(Stanford,)e(Cal.)540 1186 y(Prince,)32 b(Ellen)e(F)-6 b(.)29 b(1981.)63 b(T)-6 b(o)n(w)o(ard)31 b(a)f(taxonomy)h(of)f(gi)n(v)o(en-ne)n(w)i (information.)63 b(In)30 b Fg(Radical)690 1277 y(pr)o(a)o(gmatics)p Fo(,)20 b(ed.)f(P)-8 b(.)17 b(Cole,)i(223\226255.)i(Ne)n(w)d(Y)-8 b(ork,)19 b(N.Y)-10 b(.:)23 b(Academic)c(Press.)540 1369 y(Prince,)j(Ellen)f(F)-6 b(.)21 b(1992.)38 b(The)22 b(ZPG)e(letter:)29 b(Subjects,)22 b(de\002niteness,)h(and)f(information-status.)690 1460 y(In)28 b Fg(Discour)o(se)h(description.)g(diver)o(se)g (linguistic)f(analyses)h(of)f(a)g(fund-r)o(aising)h(te)o(xt)q Fo(,)h(ed.)690 1551 y(W)-7 b(.C.)18 b(Mann)i(and)f(S.A.)f(Thompson,)i (295\226325.)h(Amsterdam:)i(John)d(Benjamins.)540 1643 y(Prince,)27 b(Ellen)f(F)-6 b(.)26 b(1994.)51 b(Subject)26 b(pro-drop)i(in)e(yiddish.)51 b(In)26 b Fg(F)-8 b(ocus)27 b(and)g(natur)o(al)g(langua)o(g)o(e)690 1734 y(pr)m(ocessing)o(.)e (volume)g(i.)e(intonation)i(and)g(syntax)p Fo(,)h(ed.)f(Bosch)f(P)-8 b(.)23 b(and)i(v)n(an)g(der)g(Sandt)f(R.,)690 1825 y(159\226173.)17 b(W)-6 b(orking)15 b(P)o(apers)g(of)g(the)g(Institute)g(for)f(Logic)i (and)f(Linguistics,)g(IBM)g(Deutsch-)690 1917 y(land.)540 2008 y(Rambo)n(w)-5 b(,)19 b(Owen.)f(1993.)27 b(Pragmatic)18 b(aspects)g(of)h(scrambling)g(and)g(topicalization)f(in)h(German.)690 2099 y(In)e Fg(W)-7 b(orkshop)20 b(on)e(Centering)g(Theory)g(in)f (Natur)o(ally-Occurring)i(Discour)o(se)o(.)f(Institute)f(for)690 2191 y(Resear)m(c)o(h)23 b(in)g(Co)o(gnitive)g(Science)g(\(IRCS\);)f (Philadelphia,)i(P)-6 b(enn.:)30 b(Univ)-6 b(.)23 b(of)f(P)-6 b(ennsylva-)690 2282 y(nia,)19 b(May)g(1993)p Fo(.)540 2373 y(Reinhart,)32 b(T)-6 b(an)o(ya.)29 b(1981.)61 b(Pragmatics)29 b(and)h(linguistics.)e(An)i(analysis)f(of)h(sentence)g(topics.)690 2465 y Fg(Philosphica)20 b Fo(27:53\22694.)540 2556 y(Sidner)m(,)j (Candace)g(L.)f(1979.)39 b(T)-6 b(o)n(w)o(ards)23 b(a)g(computational)g (theory)h(of)e(de\002nite)g(anaphora)i(com-)690 2647 y(prehension)g(in)f(English.)39 b(T)-5 b(echnical)23 b(Report)g(AI-Memo)h(537,)g(Massachusetts)g(Institute)690 2739 y(of)19 b(T)-5 b(echnology)g(,)20 b(AI)f(Lab,)f(Cambridge,)i (Mass.)540 2830 y(Sidner)m(,)h(Candace)i(L.)d(1981.)35 b(F)o(ocusing)22 b(for)f(interpretation)h(of)f(pronouns.)36 b Fg(American)21 b(J)n(ournal)690 2921 y(of)e(Computational)h (Linguistics)f Fo(7:217\226231.)540 3013 y(Strube,)j(Michael.)g(1998.) 36 b(Ne)n(v)o(er)22 b(look)g(back:)29 b(An)22 b(alternati)n(v)o(e)g(to) f(Centering.)36 b(In)21 b Fg(Pr)m(oc.)g(of)h(the)690 3104 y(17)767 3072 y Fa(th)849 3104 y Fg(Int.)h(Confer)m(ence)i(on)g (Computational)f(Linguistics)g(and)g(36)2472 3072 y Fa(th)2554 3104 y Fg(Annual)h(Meeting)f(of)690 3195 y(the)f(Association)h(for)g (Computational)g(Linguistics;)h(Montr)t(\264)-29 b(eal,)25 b(Qu)t(\264)-29 b(ebec,)25 b(Canada,)h(10\226)690 3287 y(14)19 b(A)o(ugust)g(1998)p Fo(,)h(1251\2261257.)540 3378 y(Strube,)29 b(Michael,)g(and)f(Udo)f(Hahn.)h(1999.)54 b(Funtional)27 b(Centering:)40 b(Grounding)29 b(referential)690 3469 y(coherence)21 b(in)d(information)i(structure.)27 b Fg(Computational)20 b(Linguistics)f Fo(25:309\226344.)540 3561 y(T)m(uran,)h(Umit.)f(1995.)31 b(Null)20 b(vs.)f(o)o(v)o(ert)i (subjects)f(in)g(turkish:)25 b(A)20 b(centering)h(approach.)32 b(Doctoral)690 3652 y(Dissertation,)18 b(Uni)n(v)o(ersity)i(of)f (Pennsylv)n(ania,)h(Philadelphia,)e(Penn.)540 3743 y(V)-8 b(allduv)n(\264)-23 b(\021,)16 b(Enric.)f(1990.)20 b(The)c (informational)g(component.)21 b(Doctoral)16 b(Dissertation,)g(Uni)n(v) o(ersity)690 3834 y(of)j(Pennsylv)n(ania.)540 3926 y(W)-6 b(alk)o(er)m(,)20 b(Marilyn)g(A.)f(1989.)31 b(Ev)n(aluating)20 b(discourse)h(processing)g(algorithms.)30 b(In)20 b Fg(Pr)m(oc.)f(of)h (the)978 4198 y(U)n(.)f(P)-6 b(enn)19 b(W)-7 b(orking)20 b(P)-6 b(aper)o(s)20 b(in)e(Linguistics:)24 b(V)-8 b(olume)18 b(6.3,)h(2000,)h(pp.)j(189-208)p Fo(.)p eop %%Page: 20 20 20 19 bop 540 -230 a Fs(20)535 b Fo(RASHMI)18 b(PRASAD)g(&)h(MICHAEL)f (STR)m(UBE)690 90 y Fg(27)767 58 y Fa(th)848 90 y Fg(Annual)23 b(Meeting)g(of)g(the)f(Association)h(for)g(Computational)g (Linguistics;)h(V)-8 b(ancou-)690 182 y(ver)g(,)18 b(B.C.,)g(Canada,)i (26\22629)g(J)m(une)g(1989)p Fo(,)g(251\226261.)540 273 y(W)-6 b(alk)o(er)m(,)20 b(Marilyn)h(A.,)f(Masayo)h(Iida,)g(and)g (Sharon)f(Cote.)g(1994.)33 b(Japanese)21 b(discourse)h(and)f(the)690 364 y(process)f(of)f(centering.)27 b Fg(Computational)20 b(Linguistics)f Fo(20:193\226233.)540 456 y(W)-6 b(ebber)m(,)32 b(Bonnie)e(L)l(ynn.)f(1978.)62 b(A)29 b(formal)g(approach)i(to)e (discourse)i(anaphora.)62 b(Doctoral)690 547 y(Dissertation,)18 b(Harv)n(ard)i(Uni)n(v)o(ersity)-5 b(.)767 926 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