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3236 y Fn(i)263 3323 y Fo(B.47:)71 b(I)20 b(kno)n(w)f Fm(it)819 3335 y Fn(i)263 3423 y Fo(\(sw3241\))83 3590 y(\(5\))82 b(No)n(w)20 b(why)f(didn')o(t)g(she)h([tak)o(e)g(him)g (o)o(v)o(er)f(there)h(with)263 3690 y(her])398 3702 y Fn(i)427 3690 y Fo(?)26 b(No,)20 b(she)g(didn')o(t)f(do)h Fm(that)1230 3702 y Fn(i)1259 3690 y Fo(.)263 3789 y(\(sw4877\))83 3956 y(The)38 b(e)o(xistence)f(of)h(abstract)f(object)h(anaphora)e(sho) n(ws)0 4056 y(that)16 b(aside)g(from)f(indi)n(vidual)f(entities,)j(the) f(discourse)g(model)0 4156 y(may)22 b(also)i(contain)e(comple)o(x,)f (higher)n(-order)f(entities.)34 b(One)0 4255 y(of)g(the)g(dif)n (ferences)f(between)g(indi)n(vidual)g(and)h(discourse)0 4355 y(deictic)h(anaphora)d(is)k(that)f(whereas)g(a)g(concrete)f(NP)h (an-)0 4454 y(tecedent)f(usually)h(only)f(refers)h(to)g(the)g(indi)n (vidual)e(it)j(de-)0 4554 y(scribes,)49 b(a)c(sentence)e(may)g (simultaneously)f(denote)h(an)0 4654 y(e)n(v)o(entuality)-5 b(,)18 b(a)i(concept,)f(a)i(proposition)d(and)h(a)i(f)o(act.)83 4754 y(Instead)30 b(of)g(assuming)g(that)h(all)g(le)n(v)o(els)g(of)f (abstract)g(ob-)0 4853 y(jects)19 b(are)g(introduced)d(to)j(the)g (discourse)e(model)h(by)g(the)h(sen-)0 4953 y(tence)g(that)g(mak)o(es)g (them)f(a)n(v)n(ailable,)h(it)g(has)g(been)g(suggested)0 5052 y(that)d(anaphoric)e(discourse)i(deictic)g(reference)e(in)m(v)n (olv)o(es)h(ref-)0 5152 y(erent)22 b Fl(coer)m(cion)f Fo(\(W)-7 b(ebber)m(,)21 b(1991;)h(Asher)m(,)g(1993;)f(Dahl)h(and)0 5252 y(Hellman,)29 b(1995\).)48 b(This)28 b(assumption)f(is)i(further)e (justi\002ed)0 5351 y(by)17 b(the)h(f)o(act)h(that)f(discourse)f (deictic)g(reference,)g(as)h(opposed)0 5451 y(to)23 b(indi)n(vidual)e (anaphoric)f(reference,)i(is)h(often)f(established)1941 -17 y(by)30 b(demonstrati)n(v)o(es)e(rather)i(than)g(pronouns.)52 b(In)30 b(theories)1941 82 y(relating)h(cogniti)n(v)o(e)g(status)i(and) e(choice)h(of)g(NP-form)e(\(cf.)1941 182 y(Gundel)19 b(et)i(al.)k(\(1993)n(\)\),)e(pronouns)e(are)i(only)f(a)n(v)n(ailable)g (for)1941 282 y(the)27 b(most)f(salient)h(entities,)h(whereas)f (demonstrati)n(v)o(es)d(can)1941 381 y(be)19 b(used)g(to)g(shift)g(the) h(focus)e(of)h(attention)f(to)h(a)h(dif)n(ferent)d(en-)1941 481 y(tity)-5 b(.)2024 581 y(A)58 b(further)d(19.1\045)h(of)h(anaphors) e(are)i Fm(Inferrable-)1941 680 y(Ev)o(ok)o(ed)23 b(Pr)o(onouns)f Fo(\(IEPro\))f(and)h(constitute)g(a)h(particular)1941 780 y(type)32 b(of)f(plural)h(pronoun)d(which)j(indirectly)e (co-speci\002es)1941 879 y(with)25 b(a)g(singular)f(antecedent.)37 b(This)24 b(group)f(includes)h Fl(e)n(xis-)1941 979 y(tential)p Fo(,)29 b Fl(g)o(eneric)f Fo(and)f Fl(corpor)o(ate)f Fo(3rd)h(person)g(plural)g(pro-)1941 1079 y(nouns)19 b(\(Jae)o(ggli,)g(1986;)g(Belletti)i(and)f(Rizzi,)h(1988\).)2024 1227 y(\(6\))82 b(I)24 b(think)e(the)i Fl(So)o(viet)f(Union)f Fo(kno)n(ws)h(what)h(we)f(ha)n(v)o(e)2204 1326 y(and)15 b(kno)n(ws)h(that)g(we')l(re)f(pretty)h(serious)f(and)h(if)g Fm(they)2204 1426 y Fo(e)n(v)o(er)h(tried)h(to)h(do)e(an)o(ything,)g (we)h(w)o(ould,)g(we)h(w)o(ould)2204 1526 y(be)h(on)g(the)g(of)n(fensi) n(v)o(e.)j(\(sw3241\))2024 1674 y(In)h(\(6\),)g(the)g(NP)h Fl(So)o(viet)e(Union)g Fo(can)h(be)g(associated)g(with)1941 1773 y(inferrables)f(such)g(as)i Fl(the)f(population)d Fo(or)j Fl(the)f(go)o(vernment)p Fo(.)1941 1873 y(These)35 b(can)f(subsequently)f(be)h(referred)f(to)i(by)f(pronouns)1941 1973 y(without)20 b(ha)n(ving)f(been)h(e)o(xplicitly)f(mentioned)g (themselv)o(es.)1941 2072 y(In)i(some)h(cases)g(of)f(IEPro')-5 b(s)21 b(there)g(is)i(no)e(associated)g(NP)-9 b(,)22 b(as)1941 2172 y(in)k(the)f(follo)n(wing)f(e)o(xample,)h(where)f(the)i (speak)o(er)e(is)j(refer)n(-)1941 2271 y(ring)20 b(to)g(the)g(or)o (ganisers)e(of)i(the)g(Switchboard)f(calls:)2024 2419 y(\(7\))82 b(this)22 b(is)h(the)e(\002rst)i(call)f(I')l(v)o(e)e(done)h ([...])28 b(and,)22 b(I)f(didn')o(t)2204 2519 y(realize)43 b(that)f Fm(they)h Fo(ha-,)48 b(were)42 b(going)g(to)h(reach)2204 2619 y(out)29 b(to)g(people)f(from)g([...])50 b(all)30 b(o)o(v)o(er)d(the)i(country)-5 b(.)2204 2718 y(\(sw2041\))2024 2866 y(13.2\045)36 b(of)g(the)h(anaphors)e(are)i Fm(v)o(ague)f Fo(\(V)-9 b(agPro,)40 b(V)-9 b(ag-)1941 2966 y(Dem\),)23 b(in)g(the)g(sense)h(that)f(the)o(y)f(refer)g(to)h(the)g(general)f (topic)1941 3066 y(of)37 b(con)m(v)o(ersation)e(and,)42 b(as)c(opposed)e(to)i(discourse)e(deic-)1941 3165 y(tic)29 b(anaphors,)g(do)f(not)g(ha)n(v)o(e)g(a)h(speci\002c)g(clause)g(as)g (an)f(an-)1941 3265 y(tecedent,)19 b(e.g.,)2024 3413 y(\(8\))82 b(B.29:)66 b(I)21 b(mean,)e(the)h(baby)g(is)h(lik)o(e)f(se)n (v)o(enteen)2453 3512 y(months)g(and)f(she)i(just)g(screams.)2204 3612 y(A.30:)61 b(Uh-huh.)2204 3712 y(B.31:)66 b(W)-7 b(ell)22 b(e)n(v)o(en)d(if)i(she)f(kno)n(ws)g(that)g(the)o(y')l(re)2453 3811 y(\002xing)g(to)g(get)h(ready)e(to)h(go)g(o)o(v)o(er)f(there.)2453 3911 y(The)o(y')l(re)g(not)g(e)n(v)o(en)h(there)f(yet)i(\226)2204 4011 y(A.32:)61 b(Uh-huh.)2204 4110 y(B.33:)66 b(\226)21 b(you)e(kno)n(w)-5 b(.)2204 4210 y(A.34:)61 b(Y)-8 b(eah.)25 b Fm(It)p Fo(')-5 b(s)21 b(hard.)2024 4358 y(Non-referring)37 b(pronouns,)43 b(or)e Fm(expleti)o(v)o(es)p Fo(,)k(were)40 b(not)1941 4458 y(mark)o(ed.)81 b(These)38 b(include)h(subjects)g(of)g (weather)f(v)o(erbs,)1941 4557 y(those)24 b(in)h(raising)e(v)o(erb)h (constructions)e(or)i(those)g(occurring)1941 4657 y(in)19 b(sentences)g(with)g(e)o(xtraposed)e(sentential)i(subjects)g(or)g(ob-) 1941 4756 y(jects,)i(e.g.,)2024 4904 y(\(9\))82 b Fm(It)p Fo(')-5 b(s)29 b(hard)f(to)h(realize,)h(that)f(there)f(are)g(places)h (that)2204 5004 y(are)h(just)h(so,)i(uh,)f(bare)e(on)f(the)i(shelv)o (es)f(as)h(there.)2204 5104 y(\(sw2403\))2024 5252 y(This)19 b(group)d(also)j(contains)e(the)i(v)n(arious)e Fl(subcate)m(gorised) 1941 5351 y(e)n(xpletives)j Fo(\(Postal)g(and)f(Pullum,)g(1988\),)f (de\002ned)g(as)j(being)1941 5451 y(non-referring)16 b(pronouns)i(in)j(ar)o(gument)c(positions,)j(e.g.,)p eop %%Page: 3 3 3 2 bop 42 -17 a Fo(\(10\))81 b(Uh,)21 b(the)o(y)f(don')o(t)f(need)h (somebody)f(else)i(coming)f(in)263 82 y(and)g(saying,)g(you)g(kno)n(w) -5 b(,)19 b(okay)g(we')l(re)i(going)e(to)i(be)263 182 y(with)31 b(them)f(and)g(we')l(re)g(going)f(to)i(zap)f Fm(it)h Fo(to)g(you.)263 282 y(\(sw2403\))42 449 y(\(11\))81 b(When)40 b Fm(it)g Fo(comes)f(to)h(trucks,)45 b(though,)d(I)e(w)o (ould)263 549 y(probably)18 b(think)h(to)i(go)e(American.)24 b(\(sw2326\))83 716 y(The)o(y)38 b(dif)n(fer)f(from)h(referring)e (anaphors)h(in)i(that)f(the)o(y)0 816 y(cannot)i(be)i(questioned)d (\(e.g.,)46 b Fl(*When)41 b(what)g(comes)h(to)0 915 y(truc)n(ks?)p Fo(\).)0 1108 y Fs(3)99 b(Synchr)n(onising)27 b(Units)0 1265 y Fo(The)32 b(domain)g(which)g(contains)g(potential)g(antecedents) g(is)0 1364 y(not)16 b(gi)n(v)o(en)f(in)h(syntactic)g(terms)g(in)h (spok)o(en)e(dialogue.)22 b(Hence)0 1464 y(we)e(de\002ne)f(this)i (domain)d(in)i(pragmatic)e(terms.)25 b(W)-7 b(e)21 b(assume)0 1564 y(that)j(discourse)f(entities)i(enter)e(the)i(joint)e(discourse)h (model)0 1663 y(and)c(are)h(a)n(v)n(ailable)f(for)g(subsequent)f (reference)g(when)i(com-)0 1763 y(mon)j(ground)e(between)i(the)h (discourse)f(participants)g(is)h(es-)0 1863 y(tablished.)54 b(Our)29 b(model)g(b)n(uilds)h(on)g(the)g(observ)n(ation)e(that)0 1962 y(certain)20 b(dialogue)g(acts)h(\226)g(in)g(particular)f(ackno)n (wledgments)0 2062 y(\226)34 b(signal)g(that)g(common)d(ground)h(is)j (achie)n(v)o(ed.)64 b(Our)33 b(as-)0 2161 y(sumptions)22 b(are)g(based)h(on)f(Clark')-5 b(s)23 b(\(1989\))e(theory)g(of)i(con-)0 2261 y(trib)n(utions)c(\(cf.)25 b(also)c(T)m(raum)e(\(1994)m(\)\).)83 2361 y(Each)42 b(dialogue)f(is)i(di)n(vided)e(into)h(short,)47 b(clearly)42 b(de-)0 2461 y(\002ned)32 b(dialogue)f(acts)i(\226)f (Initiations)f Fm(I)j Fo(and)d(Ackno)n(wledg-)0 2560 y(ments)j Fm(A)h Fo(\226)f(based)g(on)f(the)h(top)g(of)g(the)g (hierarchy)e(gi)n(v)o(en)0 2660 y(in)22 b(Carletta)f(et)f(al.)26 b(\(1997)m(\).)k(Each)22 b(sentence)f(and)g(each)h(con-)0 2760 y(joined)27 b(clause)g(counts)g(as)h(a)g(separate)f Fm(I)p Fo(,)i(e)n(v)o(en)d(if)i(the)o(y)f(are)0 2859 y(part)17 b(of)g(the)g(same)h(turn.)23 b Fm(A)p Fo(')-5 b(s)18 b(do)f(not)g(con)m(v)o(e)o(y)e(semantic)i(con-)0 2959 y(tent)h(b)n(ut)g(ha)n(v)o(e)g(a)g(pragmatic)f(function)f(\(e.g.,) i(backchannel\).)0 3059 y(In)27 b(addition)e(there)h(are)h(utterances)f (which)g(function)f(as)j(an)0 3158 y Fm(A)d Fo(b)n(ut)f(also)h(ha)n(v)o (e)e(semantic)h(content)f(\226)i(these)f(are)g(labelled)0 3258 y(as)d Fm(A/I)p Fo(.)83 3358 y(A)g(single)f Fm(I)h Fo(is)g(paired)e(with)i(an)f Fm(A)h Fo(and)f(the)o(y)f(jointly)h(form)0 3457 y(a)h Fl(Sync)o(hr)l(onising)e(Unit)i(\(SU\))p Fo(.)f(In)h(longer) f(turns,)g(each)h(main)0 3557 y(clause)i(functions)f(as)i(a)g(separate) e(unit)h(along)g(with)g(its)h(sub-)0 3657 y(ordinate)g(clauses.)41 b(Single)25 b Fm(I)p Fo(')-5 b(s)27 b(constitute)e Fm(SU)p Fo(')-5 b(s)26 b(by)f(them-)0 3756 y(selv)o(es)35 b(and)f(do)g(not)h (require)e(e)o(xplicit)h(ackno)n(wledgment.)0 3856 y(The)18 b(assumption)e(is)j(that)f(by)g(letting)f(the)h(speak)o(er)f(continue,) 0 3956 y(the)k(hearer)f(implicitly)h(ackno)n(wledges)e(the)i (utterance.)26 b(It)c(is)0 4055 y(only)h(in)i(the)f(conte)o(xt)f(of)h (turn-taking)d(that)k Fm(I)p Fo(')-5 b(s)25 b(and)f Fm(A)p Fo(')-5 b(s)25 b(are)0 4155 y(paired)19 b(up.)83 4255 y(Our)32 b(model)f(is)i(based)f(on)g(the)g(observ)n(ation)e(that)j (com-)0 4355 y(mon)22 b(ground)f(has)i(an)g(in\003uence)f(on)h (attentional)f(state.)35 b(W)-7 b(e)0 4454 y(assume)34 b(that)h(only)f(entities)h(in)f(a)h(complete)f Fm(SU)h Fo(are)f(en-)0 4554 y(tered)c(into)g(the)g(common)f(ground)f(and)i (remain)f(in)i(the)f(S-)0 4653 y(list)22 b(for)f(the)g(duration)f(of)h (a)h(further)d Fm(SU)p Fo(.)j(If)f(one)g(speak)o(er')-5 b(s)21 b Fm(I)0 4753 y Fo(is)h(not)f(ackno)n(wledged)d(by)j(the)h (other)e(participant)g(it)i(cannot)0 4853 y(be)j(included)f(in)h(an)g Fm(SU)p Fo(.)h(In)f(this)h(case)f(the)h(discourse)e(enti-)0 4952 y(ties)i(mentioned)c(in)j(the)g(unackno)n(wledged)c Fm(I)k Fo(are)g(added)f(to)0 5052 y(the)c(S-List)h(b)n(ut)f(are)g (immediately)f(deleted)g(again)g(when)h(the)0 5152 y(subsequent)c Fm(I)j Fo(clearly)f(sho)n(ws)g(that)g(the)o(y)f(are)h(not)f(part)h(of)g (the)0 5251 y(common)g(ground.)83 5351 y(Figure)53 b(1)h(belo)n(w)-5 b(,)60 b(tak)o(en)54 b(from)e(the)i(T)m(rains-corpus)0 5451 y(\(speak)o(ers)25 b Fl(s)h Fo(and)f Fl(u)p Fo(\))g(illustrates)h (that)f(a)h(missing)f(ackno)n(wl-)1941 -17 y(edgment)i(pre)n(v)o(ents)f (the)i(discourse)f(model)g(from)g(contain-)1941 82 y(ing)20 b(discourse)f(entities)i(from)e(the)h(unackno)n(wledged)d(turn.)1941 262 y Fk(SU)2037 270 y Fj(i)2138 262 y Fk(I)149 b Fi(s:)61 b(so)19 b(there-)g(the)g(\002)n(v)o(e)f(boxcars)i(of)f(oranges)2427 345 y Fh(<)p Fi(sil)p Fh(>)e Fi(+)i(that)g(are)g(at-)f(+)2427 428 y Fk(S-List:)k([5)d(boxcars)g(of)g(oranges])1941 594 y(SU)2037 602 y Fj(j)2138 594 y Fk(A/I)74 b Fi(u:)53 b(+)18 b(at)h Fh(<)p Fi(sil)p Fh(>)f Fi(+)h(at)f(Corning)2427 677 y Fk(S-List:)k([5)d(boxcars)g(of)g(oranges,)h(Cor)o(ning])2138 760 y(A)124 b Fi(s:)61 b(um)1941 926 y Fk(\226)160 b(I)149 b Fi(u:)53 b(okay)19 b(the)g(orange)h(w)o(arehouse)h Fh(<)p Fi(sil)p Fh(>)d Fi(um)2427 1009 y(I)g(+)h(ha)o(v)o(e)g(to)g(+) 2427 1092 y Fk(S-List:)j([Cor)o(ning,)17 b(orange)j(war)o(ehouse])1941 1258 y(SU)2037 1267 y Fj(k)2138 1258 y Fk(I)149 b Fi(s:)61 b(you)19 b(need)h(+)f(you)h(need)f(to)g(get)g(\002)n(v)o(e)g Fh(<)p Fi(sil)p Fh(>)2427 1341 y Fi(\002)n(v)o(e)f(boxcars)i(of)f (oranges)h Fk(ther)o(e)2427 1424 y(S-List:)i([Cor)o(ning,)17 b(5)i(boxcars)h(of)f(oranges])2138 1507 y(A)124 b Fi(u:)53 b(uh)1941 1590 y Fk(SU)2037 1599 y Fj(l)2138 1590 y Fk(I)260 b Fi(no)19 b(the)o(y')l(re)g(are)g(already)h(w)o(aiting)f(for)g(me)2427 1673 y Fk(ther)o(e)1941 1756 y Fi(\(d92a-4.3\))2278 1980 y Fo(Figure)h(1:)25 b(Unackno)n(wledged)16 b(T)l(urns)2024 2183 y(Speak)o(er)32 b Fl(u)p Fo(')-5 b(s)33 b(second)e(turn)h(is)h(an) g Fm(I)g Fo(which)f(is)h(not)f(fol-)1941 2282 y(lo)n(wed)24 b(by)f(an)h Fm(A)p Fo(.)h(This)f(means)f(that)i(the)f(entity)f (referred)g(to)1941 2382 y(in)30 b(that)g(utterance)f(\()p Fl(or)o(ang)o(e)f(war)m(ehouse)p Fo(\))g(is)j(immediately)1941 2482 y(remo)o(v)o(ed)25 b(from)h(the)h(joint)g(discourse)f(model.)45 b(Thus)27 b Fl(ther)m(e)1941 2581 y Fo(in)k(the)g(\002nal)g(tw)o(o)g (turns)g(co-speci\002es)f(with)h Fl(Corning)f Fo(and)1941 2681 y(not)20 b(the)g(most)g(recent)g Fl(or)o(ang)o(e)f(war)m(ehouse)p Fo(.)1941 2877 y Fs(4)100 b(Ho)o(w)24 b(to)h(Resolv)o(e)f(Discourse)h (Deictic)2091 2994 y(Anaphora)1941 3153 y Fo(W)-7 b(e)56 b(no)n(w)f(turn)f(to)h(our)f(method)g(of)h(anaphora)d(reso-)1941 3253 y(lution,)57 b(which)50 b(e)o(xtends)g(the)g(algorithm)f (presented)h(in)1941 3353 y(Strube)20 b(\(1998)m(\),)52 b(in)45 b(order)e(to)j(be)f(able)g(to)g(account)e(for)1941 3452 y(discourse)55 b(deictic)g(anaphora)e(as)j(well)g(as)h(indi)n (vidual)1941 3552 y(anaphora.)1941 3724 y Fm(4.1)82 b(Anaphor)m (-antecedent)18 b(Compatibility)1941 3857 y Fo(As)36 b(indicated)d(in)i(Section)f(2,)k(information)32 b(pro)o(vided)g(by) 1941 3957 y(the)19 b(subcate)o(gorisation)e(frame)h(of)h(the)g (anaphor')-5 b(s)18 b(predicate)1941 4056 y(can)26 b(be)g(used)g(to)h (determine)e(the)h(type)g(of)g(the)g(referent.)42 b(In)1941 4156 y(the)23 b(algorithm,)f(we)i(mak)o(e)f(use)g(of)g(the)g(notion)f (of)h(anaphor)n(-)1941 4255 y(antecedent)28 b Fl(Compatibility)h Fo(to)g(distinguish)f(between)h(dis-)1941 4355 y(course)22 b(deictic)h(and)f(indi)n(vidual)f(reference.)30 b(Certain)23 b(pred-)1941 4455 y(icates)e(\(notably)e(v)o(erbs)h(of)h(propositional) d(attitude\))i(require)1941 4554 y(one)e(of)h(their)f(ar)o(guments)e (to)j(ha)n(v)o(e)f(a)h(referent)f(whose)g(mean-)1941 4654 y(ing)26 b(is)h(correlated)d(with)j(sentences,)f(e.g.,)h Fl(is)g(true)o(,)h(assume)1941 4754 y Fo(\(referred)23 b(to)j(as)g Fl(SC-bias)f(verbs)g Fo(in)h(Garnse)o(y)19 b(et)i(al.)k(\(1997)n(\))1941 4853 y(and)35 b(else)n(where\).)69 b(Pronouns)34 b(in)h(these)h(positions)f(rarely)1941 4953 y(ha)n(v)o(e)21 b(concrete)f(indi)n(vidual)g(NP-antecedents)g(and) g(are)i(gen-)1941 5052 y(erally)36 b(only)f(compatible)g(with)h (discourse)g(deictic)g(refer)n(-)1941 5152 y(ents.)48 b(Other)28 b(ar)o(gument)d(positions)i(are)h(preferentially)d(as-)1941 5252 y(sociated)17 b(with)h(concrete)f(indi)n(viduals)f(\(e.g.,)h (objects)h(of)f Fl(eat,)1941 5351 y(smell)p Fo(\))h(\()p Fl(DO-bias)f(verbs)p Fo(\).)24 b(A)18 b(summary)e(of)h(these)h (predicate)1941 5451 y(types)32 b(is)h(pro)o(vided)d(in)i(Figure)f(2,)k (where)c Fl(I-incompatible)p eop %%Page: 4 4 4 3 bop 0 -43 a Fm(I-Incompatible)20 b(\(*I\))83 123 y Fg(\017)41 b Fo(Equating)18 b(constructions)g(where)h(a)h(pronominal) d(referent)166 223 y(is)25 b(equated)e(with)i(an)f(abstract)g(object,)g (e.g.,)h Fl(x)f(is)h(making)166 322 y(it)c(easy)-5 b(,)20 b(x)h(is)g(a)f(sug)o(g)o(estion.)83 488 y Fg(\017)41 b Fo(Copula)25 b(constructions)g(whose)g(adjecti)n(v)o(es)h(can)f(only) g(be)166 588 y(applied)d(to)i(abstract)f(entities,)h(e.g.,)f Fl(x)h(is)g(true)o(,)g(x)g(is)g(false)o(,)166 688 y(x)d(is)g(corr)m (ect,)f(x)h(is)g(right,)f(x)g(isn')n(t)g(right.)83 854 y Fg(\017)41 b Fo(Ar)o(guments)36 b(of)h(v)o(erbs)g(describing)f (propositional)f(atti-)166 953 y(tude)20 b(which)f Fl(only)h Fo(tak)o(e)g(S'-complements,)e(e.g.,)h Fl(assume)o(.)83 1119 y Fg(\017)41 b Fo(Object)20 b(of)g Fl(do)p Fo(.)83 1285 y Fg(\017)41 b Fo(Predicate)21 b(or)h(anaphoric)d(referent)i(is)i (a)f(\223reason\224,)f(e.g.,)g Fl(x)166 1385 y(is)g(because)e(I)i(lik)o (e)g(her)-9 b(,)20 b(x)g(is)h(why)g(he')m(s)f(late)o(.)2071 -43 y Fm(A-Incompatible)g(\(*A\))2154 123 y Fg(\017)41 b Fo(Equating)18 b(constructions)g(where)h(a)h(pronominal)d(referent) 2237 223 y(is)i(equated)f(with)g(a)h(concrete)f(indi)n(vidual)f (referent,)g(e.g.,)h Fl(x)2237 322 y(is)j(a)f(car)-9 b(.)2154 488 y Fg(\017)41 b Fo(Copula)25 b(constructions)g(whose)g (adjecti)n(v)o(es)g(can)h(only)f(be)2237 588 y(applied)c(to)i(concrete) e(entities,)i(e.g.,)f Fl(x)g(is)h(e)n(xpensive)o(,)g(x)f(is)2237 688 y(tasty)-5 b(,)21 b(x)f(is)i(loud.)2154 854 y Fg(\017)41 b Fo(Ar)o(guments)65 b(of)i(v)o(erbs)g(describing)e(physical)h(con-) 2237 953 y(tact/stimulation,)34 b(which)e(cannot)f(be)h(used)g (metaphori-)2237 1053 y(cally)-5 b(,)26 b(e.g.,)g Fl(br)m(eak)f(x,)i (smash)e(x,)i(eat)f(x,)h(drink)e(x,)i(smell)f(x)2237 1152 y Fo(b)n(ut)20 b(NO)m(T)g Fl(*see)h(x)1038 1550 y Fo(Figure)f(2:)25 b(I-Incompatibility)17 b(and)j(A-Incompatibility)0 1817 y(means)29 b Fl(pr)m(efer)m(entially)g Fo(associated)h(with)g (abstract)f(objects)0 1917 y(and)39 b Fl(A-incompatible)e Fo(means)i Fl(pr)m(efer)m(entially)g Fo(associated)0 2016 y(with)28 b(indi)n(vidual)e(objects)803 1986 y Ff(1)836 2016 y Fo(.)48 b(Anaphors)26 b(which)i(are)f(ar)o(gu-)0 2116 y(ment)j(positions)g(of)g(the)g(\002rst)h(type)f(are)h (classi\002ed)g(as)g(dis-)0 2216 y(course)d(deictic)g(\()p Fl(DDPr)l(o;)k(DDDem)p Fo(\),)e(those)e(in)h(ar)o(gument)0 2315 y(positions)c(of)g(the)g(second)f(type)h(are)g(classi\002ed)h(as)g (indi)n(vid-)0 2415 y(ual)20 b(anaphora)e(\()p Fl(IPr)l(o;)i(IDem)p Fo(\).)83 2523 y(It)c(is)h(clear)f(that)g(predicate)f(information)f (alone)h(is)i(not)f(suf-)0 2622 y(\002cient)34 b(for)g(this)h(purpose)e (as)i(there)f(is)h(a)g(lar)o(ge)e(group)g(of)0 2722 y(v)o(erbs)28 b(which)g(allo)n(w)h(both)f(indi)n(vidual)f(and)h(discourse)g(de-)0 2821 y(ictic)35 b(referents)e(\(e.g.,)k(objects)d(of)g Fl(see)o(,)39 b(know)p Fo(\))34 b(\()p Fl(EQ-bias)0 2921 y(verbs)p Fo(\).)29 b(In)21 b(these)h(cases)g(the)g(preference)d(is)k (determined)c(by)0 3021 y(NP-form)g(of)h(the)g(anaphor)e(\(pronoun)f (vs.)k(demonstrati)n(v)o(e\).)0 3214 y Fm(4.2)82 b(T)-6 b(ypes)21 b(of)f(Abstract)f(Antecedents)0 3359 y Fo(W)-7 b(e)18 b(follo)n(w)d(Asher)20 b(\(1993)n(\))d(in)f(assuming)g(that)g (the)h(predicate)0 3459 y(of)25 b(a)g(discourse)f(deictic)h(anaphor)e (determines)h(the)h(type)g(of)0 3558 y(abstract)h(object.)44 b(An)26 b(anaphor)f(in)i(the)f(object)g(position)g(of)0 3658 y(the)e(v)o(erb)f Fl(do)p Fo(,)i(for)f(e)o(xample,)f(can)i(only)e (ha)n(v)o(e)h(a)g(VP)h(\(e)n(v)o(ent-)0 3758 y(concept\))32 b(antecedent)h(\(e)o(g)g Fl(J)n(ohn)g([sang].)67 b(Bill)34 b(did)g Fm(that)0 3857 y Fl(too.)p Fo(\),)f(whereas)e(an)h(anaphor)e (in)h(the)h(subject)f(position)g(of)0 3957 y(the)21 b(predicate)e Fl(is)j(true)f Fo(requires)f(a)h(full)g(S)g(\(proposition\))d(\(e)o(g)0 4056 y Fl([J)n(ohn)g(sang].)24 b Fm(That)p Fl(')m(s)19 b(true)o(.)p Fo(\).)24 b(This)19 b(v)o(erbal)f(subcate)o(gorisa-)0 4156 y(tion)f(information)e(is)k(used)e(to)h(determine)e(which)h(part)g (of)h(the)0 4256 y(preceding)g Fm(I)j Fo(is)g(required)e(to)h(form)f (the)h(correct)g(referent.)83 4363 y(F)o(ollo)n(wing)30 b(W)-7 b(ebber)31 b(and)g(others,)i(we)f(assume)f(that)h(an)0 4463 y(abstract)41 b(object)g(is)h(only)e(introduced)f(to)i(the)h (discourse)0 4563 y(model)23 b(by)h(the)g(anaphor)e(itself.)37 b(In)24 b(addition)f(to)h(the)g(S-List)0 4662 y(\(Strube,)33 b(1998\),)g(which)e(contains)h(the)f(referents)g(of)h(NPs)0 4762 y(a)n(v)n(ailable)23 b(for)g(anaphoric)f(reference,)h(our)g(model) f(includes)p 0 4866 499 4 v 105 4921 a Fe(1)134 4953 y Fi(These)e(are)f(preferences)h(and)g(not)f(strict)f(rules)h(because)h (some)0 5036 y(I-Incompatible)27 b(conte)o(xts)g(are)g(compatible)g (with)f(NPs)g(denoting)0 5119 y(abstract)i(objects,)h(e.g.,)g Fd(The)f(story/It)f(is)g(true)o(.)49 b Fi(and)28 b(NPs)f(which)0 5202 y(are)d(used)h(to)e(stand)i(elliptically)e(for)h(an)g(e)n(v)o(ent) g(or)g(state,)h(e.g.,)f Fd(His)0 5285 y(car/It)c(is)g(the)g(r)m(eason)i (why)e(he')m(s)h(late)p Fi(.)26 b(This)20 b(sho)n(ws)h(that)f (predicate)0 5368 y(compatibility)k(must)g(ultimately)f(be)h(de\002ned) h(in)e(semantic)h(terms)0 5451 y(and)c(not)f(just)f(rely)h(on)h (syntactic)f(strings)g(\(NP)f(vs.)h(S\).)1941 1817 y Fo(an)f(A-List)g(for)f(abstract)g(objects.)24 b(This)18 b(is)g(only)f(\002lled)h(if)g(dis-)1941 1917 y(course)27 b(deictic)h(pronouns)e(or)i(demonstrati)n(v)o(es)d(occur)i(and)1941 2016 y(its)d(contents)d(remain)h(only)g(for)f(one)h Fm(I)p Fo(,)h(which)f(is)i(necessary)1941 2116 y(for)15 b(multiple)h (discourse)f(deictic)g(reference)f(to)i(the)g(same)g(en-)1941 2216 y(tity)-5 b(.)2024 2317 y(The)15 b(follo)n(wing)f Fl(conte)n(xt)i(r)o(anking)e Fo(describes)h(the)g(order)g(in)1941 2416 y(which)20 b(the)g(parts)g(of)g(the)g(linguistic)g(conte)o(xt)f (are)h(accessed:)2003 2594 y(1.)41 b(A-List)19 b(\(containing)e (abstract)h(objects)g(pre)n(viously)f(re-)2107 2694 y(ferred)i(to)h (anaphorically\).)2003 2860 y(2.)41 b(W)m(ithin)32 b(same)g Fm(I)p Fo(:)g(Clause)h(to)f(the)g(left)g(of)f(the)h(clause)2107 2959 y(containing)18 b(the)j(anaphor)-5 b(.)2003 3125 y(3.)41 b(W)m(ithin)31 b(pre)n(vious)f Fm(I)p Fo(:)i(Rightmost)f(main)g (clause)h(\(and)2107 3225 y(subordinated)18 b(clauses)i(to)h(its)g (right\).)2003 3391 y(4.)41 b(W)m(ithin)d(pre)n(vious)e Fm(I)p Fo(')-5 b(s:)62 b(Rightmost)37 b(complete)g(sen-)2107 3491 y(tence)20 b(\(if)g(pre)n(vious)f Fm(I)i Fo(is)g(incomplete)e (sentence\).)2391 3748 y(Figure)g(3:)26 b(Conte)o(xt)19 b(Ranking)1941 4022 y Fm(4.3)82 b(The)21 b(Algorithm)1941 4154 y Fo(The)30 b(algorithm)f(consists)i(of)f(tw)o(o)g(branches,)h (one)f(for)g(the)1941 4254 y(resolution)22 b(of)g(pronouns,)f(the)i (other)f(for)h(the)g(resolution)e(of)1941 4353 y(demonstrati)n(v)o(es.) 56 b(Both)32 b(of)f(them)g(call)g(the)h(functions)e Fl(r)m(e-)1941 4453 y(solveDD)25 b Fo(and)f Fl(r)m(esolveInd)p Fo(,)g(which)g(resolv)o (e)g(discourse)f(de-)1941 4553 y(ictic)e(anaphora)d(and)i(indi)n (vidual)e(anaphora,)g(respecti)n(v)o(ely)-5 b(.)2024 4654 y(If)27 b(a)g(pronoun)d(is)j(encountered)d(\(Figure)i(4,)i(belo)n (w\),)f(the)1941 4754 y(functions)e Fl(r)m(esolveDD)i Fo(or)f Fl(r)m(esolveInd)f Fo(\(described)g(belo)n(w\))1941 4853 y(are)c(e)n(v)n(aluated,)e(depending)f(on)i(whether)g(the)g (pronoun)e(is)k(I-)1941 4953 y(incompatible)c(\(1\))i(or)g (A-incompatible)d(\(2\).)25 b(In)19 b(the)i(case)f(of)1941 5052 y(success)i(the)f(pronouns)e(are)i(classi\002ed)g(as)h Fl(DDPr)l(o)f Fo(or)g Fl(IPr)l(o)p Fo(,)1941 5152 y(respecti)n(v)o(ely) -5 b(.)45 b(In)28 b(the)f(case)h(of)g(f)o(ailure,)g(the)g(pronouns)d (are)1941 5252 y(classi\002ed)i(as)h Fl(V)-9 b(a)o(gPr)l(o)p Fo(.)43 b(If)26 b(the)h(pronoun)d(is)j(neither)f(I-)h(nor)1941 5351 y(A-incompatible)17 b(\(i.e.,)i(the)g(pronoun)d(is)k(ambiguous)d (in)i(this)1941 5451 y(respect\),)36 b(the)e(classi\002cation)g(is)h (only)e(dependent)e(on)j(the)p eop %%Page: 5 5 5 4 bop 112 -42 a Fi(1.)23 b Fk(if)c Fi(\(PR)m(O)e(is)i (I-incompatible\))205 41 y Fk(then)f(if)h Fd(r)m(esolveDD)p Fi(\(PR)m(O\))392 124 y Fk(then)f Fi(classify)h(as)g Fd(DDPr)m(o)392 207 y Fk(else)g Fi(classify)g(as)g Fd(V)-8 b(a)o(gPr)m(o)112 290 y Fi(2.)37 b Fk(else)19 b(if)g Fi(\(PR)m(O)f(is)g(A-incompatible\))392 373 y Fk(then)g(if)g Fd(r)m(esolveInd)p Fi(\(PR)m(O\))579 456 y Fk(then)g Fi(classify)h(as)g Fd(IPr)m(o)579 539 y Fk(else)g Fi(classify)g(as)g Fd(V)-8 b(a)o(gPr)m(o)112 622 y Fi(3.)224 b Fk(else)19 b(if)f Fd(r)m(esolveInd)p Fi(\(PR)m(O\))579 705 y Fk(then)g Fi(classify)h(as)g Fd(IPr)m(o)112 788 y Fi(4.)411 b Fk(else)19 b(if)f Fd(r)m(esolveDD)p Fi(\(PR)m(O\))766 871 y Fk(then)g Fi(classify)h(as)g Fd(DDPr)m(o)766 954 y Fk(else)g Fi(classify)g(as)g Fd(V)-8 b(a)o(gPr)m(o)261 1178 y Fo(Figure)19 b(4:)25 b(Pronoun)19 b(Resolution)g(Algorithm)1967 -42 y Fi(1.)k Fk(if)18 b Fi(\(DEM)h(is)f(I-incompatible\))2060 41 y Fk(then)g(if)g Fd(r)m(esolveDD)p Fi(\(DEM\))2247 124 y Fk(then)g Fi(classify)h(as)g Fd(DDDem)2247 207 y Fk(else)g Fi(classify)g(as)g Fd(V)-8 b(a)o(gDem)1967 290 y Fi(2.)37 b Fk(else)19 b(if)f Fi(\(DEM)h(is)f(A-incompatible\))2247 373 y Fk(then)g(if)g Fd(r)m(esolveInd)p Fi(\(DEM\))2434 456 y Fk(then)g Fi(classify)g(as)h Fd(IDem)2434 539 y 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y(classi\002ed)29 b(as)g Fl(DDPr)l(o)p Fo(,)h(if)f(it)g(is)g (unsuccessful)e(it)i(is)g(classi-)0 2143 y(\002ed)24 b(as)h Fl(V)-9 b(a)o(gPr)l(o)p Fo(,)24 b(indicating)e(that)i(the)h (pronoun)c(cannot)i(be)0 2242 y(resolv)o(ed)c(using)g(the)i(linguistic) e(conte)o(xt.)83 2355 y(The)25 b(procedure)e(is)k(similar)f(in)g(the)f (case)h(of)g(demonstra-)0 2455 y(ti)n(v)o(es)19 b(\(Figure)f(5,)h(belo) n(w\).)k(The)c(only)f(dif)n(ference)f(being)h(that)0 2554 y(the)25 b(antecedent)f(of)h(a)h(demonstrati)n(v)o(e)d(is)j (preferentially)d(an)0 2654 y(abstract)k(object.)45 b(The)27 b(order)e(of)i(\(3\))g(and)f(\(4\))h(is)h(therefore)0 2753 y(re)n(v)o(ersed.)83 2866 y(W)-7 b(e)28 b(no)n(w)e(turn)g(to)h (the)g(function)e Fl(r)m(esolveDD)i Fo(\(Figure)f(6,)0 2966 y(belo)n(w\))h(\(assuming)g(that)i Fl(r)m(esolveInd)e Fo(resolv)o(es)g(indi)n(vidual)0 3065 y(anaphora)k(and)h(returns)h Fl(true)g Fo(or)g Fl(false)g Fo(depending)e(on)i(its)0 3165 y(success\).)25 b(In)19 b(step)h(\(1\))f(the)h(function)e Fl(r)m(esolveDD)i Fo(e)o(xamines)0 3265 y(all)g(elements)f(of)g(the)h Fl(conte)n(xt)f(r)o(anking)f Fo(\(Figure)g(3\))h(until)h(the)0 3364 y(function)25 b Fl(co-inde)n(x)h Fo(succeeds,)i(which)e(e)n(v)n (aluates)h(whether)0 3464 y(the)33 b(element)f(is)i(of)f(the)g(right)f (type.)62 b(Then)33 b(the)f(function)0 3563 y Fl(r)m(esolveDD)i Fo(returns)f Fl(true)p Fo(.)67 b(If)33 b(the)h(pronoun)e(is)j(an)e(ar)o (gu-)0 3663 y(ment)19 b(of)g Fl(\223do\224)p Fo(,)g(the)h(function)d Fl(co-inde)n(x)h Fo(is)j(tried)e(on)g(the)g(VP)0 3763 y(of)28 b(the)h(current)e(element)h(of)g(the)h Fl(conte)n(xt)f(r)o (anking)f Fo(\(2\).)50 b(If)0 3862 y(successful,)22 b(the)g (VP-referent)e(is)j(added)d(to)i(the)g(A-List)g(and)0 3962 y(the)31 b(function)f(returns)g Fl(true)p Fo(.)58 b(In)31 b(\(3\),)i Fl(co-inde)n(x)d Fo(e)n(v)n(aluates)0 4062 y(whether)g(the)i(pronoun)c(and)j(the)h(current)e(element)h(of)g (the)0 4161 y Fl(conte)n(xt)22 b(r)o(anking)g Fo(are)g(compatible.)31 b(In)23 b(the)f(case)i(of)e(a)h(posi-)0 4261 y(ti)n(v)o(e)d(result,)h (the)f(element)g(is)h(added)f(to)g(the)h(A-List)f(and)g Fl(true)0 4360 y Fo(is)25 b(returned.)36 b(If)24 b(all)h(elements)f(of) g(the)h Fl(conte)n(xt)f(r)o(anking)f Fo(are)0 4628 y Fd(r)m(esolveDD)p Fi(\(PR)m(O\))c(:=)0 4711 y(1.)k Fk(f)n(or)o(each)c Fi(element)h(of)f(conte)o(xt)g(ranking)h Fk(do)0 4794 y Fi(2.)131 b Fk(if)18 b Fi(\(PR)m(O)g(is)h(ar)o(gument)g(of)g Fd(do)p Fi(\))280 4877 y Fk(then)f(if)g Fi(\()p Fd(co-inde)o(x)i Fi(PR)m(O)e(with)g(VP)g(of)h(element\))467 4960 y Fk(then)f Fi(add)h(VP)g(to)f(A-List;)g Fk(r)o(etur)o(n)g Fi(true)0 5043 y(3.)224 b Fk(else)19 b(if)f Fi(\()p Fd(co-inde)o(x)i Fi(PR)m(O)e(with)g(element\))467 5126 y Fk(then)g Fi(add)h(element)h (to)e(A-List;)g Fk(r)o(etur)o(n)g Fi(true)0 5209 y(4.)37 b Fk(r)o(etur)o(n)18 b Fi(f)o(alse.)552 5433 y Fo(Figure)i(6:)25 b(resolv)o(eDD)1941 1445 y(check)o(ed)19 b(without)h(success,)g Fl(r)m(esolveDD)g Fo(returns)g(f)o(alse)g(\(4\).)2024 1545 y(Example)f(12)h(illustrates)g(the)h(algorithm:)1983 1687 y(\(12\))81 b(B.8:)67 b(I)20 b(mean,)g(if)g(went)g(and)g(policed,) f(just)i(lik)o(e)2412 1787 y(you)e(say)-5 b(,)20 b(e)n(v)o(ery)f (country)f(when)i(the)o(y)f(had)2412 1886 y(squabbles,)2204 1986 y(A.9:)62 b(W)-7 b(ell,)2412 2086 y(b)n(ut)20 b(we')l(v)o(e)f (done)g Fm(it)i Fo(before,)2204 2185 y(B.10:)k(Oh,)2412 2285 y(I)20 b(kno)n(w)g(we)g(ha)n(v)o(e.)2204 2384 y(A.11:)g(and)g Fm(it)g Fo(has)g(not)g(been)g(successful.)2204 2484 y(\(sw2403\))2024 2626 y(When)46 b(the)g(pronoun)d Fl(\223it\224)k Fo(in)e(A.9)h(is)h (encountered,)1941 2726 y(the)60 b(algorithm)f(determines)g(the)i (pronoun)c(to)k(be)f(I-)1941 2825 y(incompatible)27 b(\(Step)h(1)h(in)g (Figure)f(4\),)i(as)g(it)f(is)h(the)e(object)1941 2925 y(ar)o(gument)d(of)i(the)g(v)o(erb)f Fl(do)p Fo(.)45 b(The)27 b(function)f Fl(r)m(esolveDD)h Fo(is)1941 3025 y(e)n(v)n(aluated.)j(The)22 b(A-List)g(is)h(empty)-5 b(,)22 b(so)g(the)h(highest)e(rank)o(ed)1941 3124 y(element)16 b(in)g Fl(the)h(conte)n(xt)f(r)o(anking)f Fo(is)i(the)f(last)i (complete)d(sen-)1941 3224 y(tence)30 b(in)f(B.8.)54 b(The)29 b(pronoun)e(is)k(an)e(ar)o(gument)f(of)h Fl(\223do\224)p Fo(,)1941 3323 y(therefore)23 b(gets)j(co-inde)o(x)o(ed)c(with)j(the)g (VP-referent)f(of)h(the)1941 3423 y(sentence)j(in)g(B.8.)48 b(The)28 b(VP)h(is)g(added)e(to)h(the)g(A-List,)i(the)1941 3523 y(function)c(returns)g(true)h(and)g(the)g(pronoun)e(is)j (classi\002ed)g(as)1941 3622 y Fl(DDPr)l(o)21 b Fo(by)e(the)i (algorithm.)2024 3722 y(When)44 b(the)g(ne)o(xt)g(pronoun)d(is)k (encountered,)j(the)c(A-)1941 3822 y(List)34 b(is)g(empty)f(again)f (because)h(of)g(the)g(interv)o(ening)e(sen-)1941 3921 y(tence)41 b(\()p Fm(I)p Fo(\))h(in)g(B.10.)88 b(The)41 b(pronoun)e(is)k(neither)d(I-)i(nor)1941 4021 y(A-incompatible,)23 b(therefore)g(the)i(algorithm)e(e)n(v)n(aluates)h Fl(r)m(e-)1941 4120 y(solveInd)i Fo(\(step)h(3\).)46 b(This)27 b(f)o(ails,)j(since)d (there)g(are)g(no)f(indi-)1941 4220 y(vidual)18 b(antecedents)f(a)n(v)n (ailable)h(in)g(B.10)g(and)g(the)g(algorithm)1941 4320 y(e)n(v)n(aluates)k Fl(r)m(esolveDD)g Fo(in)g(the)h(step)f(\(4\).)31 b(The)21 b(\002rst)i(element)1941 4419 y(in)16 b(the)h(conte)o(xt)d (ranking)h(is)i(the)f(main)g(clause)g(in)g(A.11)f(which)1941 4519 y(is)30 b(co-inde)o(x)o(ed)c(with)j(the)g(pronoun.)49 b(The)29 b(clause-referent)1941 4619 y(is)i(added)e(to)h(the)g(A-List,) i(the)e(function)e(returns)h(true)g(and)1941 4718 y(the)20 b(algorithm)e(classi\002es)k(the)e(pronoun)d(as)k Fl(DDPr)l(o)p Fo(.)k(In)19 b(this)1941 4818 y(case,)f(the)f(classi\002cation)g(is)h (correct)e(b)n(ut)i(not)e(the)h(resolution,)1941 4917 y(since)k(the)g(pronoun)d(should)i(co-specify)f(with)i(the)g(pronoun) 1941 5017 y(in)f(A.9.)1941 5202 y Fs(5)100 b(Empirical)25 b(Ev)o(aluation)1941 5351 y Fo(In)k(order)f(to)h(test)h(the)f (hypotheses)f(made)g(in)h(the)g(pre)n(vious)1941 5451 y(sections)19 b(we)g(performed)d(an)j(empirical)f(e)n(v)n(aluation)f (on)h(nat-)p eop %%Page: 6 6 6 5 bop 0 -17 a Fo(urally)26 b(occurring)e(dialogues.)43 b(First,)29 b(the)e(corpus)f(w)o(as)h(an-)0 82 y(notated)c(for)g(all)i (rele)n(v)n(ant)d(features,)i(i.e.,)h(di)n(vision)e(of)g(turns)0 182 y(into)i(dialogue)e(act)i(units,)h(classi\002cation)f(of)g (dialogue)e(acts)0 282 y(\()p Fm(I)p Fo(,)k Fm(A)p Fo(\),)f(marking)e (of)i(noun)f(phrases,)i(classi\002cation)g(of)f(the)0 381 y(v)n(arious)18 b(types)g(of)g(anaphors)f(introduced)f(in)j (Section)f(2,)h(and)0 481 y(annotating)e(coreference)f(between)i (anaphors)f(and)h(indi)n(vid-)0 581 y(ual/abstract)24 b(discourse)f(entities.)38 b(The)24 b(last)h(step)f(pro)o(vided)0 680 y(the)f(k)o(e)o(y)f(for)g(the)h(test)h(of)f(the)g(algorithm)e (described)h(in)h(Sec-)0 780 y(tion)d(4.3.)0 970 y Fm(5.1)82 b(Annotation)0 1113 y Fo(Our)43 b(data)h(consisted)f(of)h(\002)n(v)o(e) f(randomly)e(selected)j(dia-)0 1212 y(logues)30 b(from)g(the)h (Switchboard)e(corpus)g(of)i(spok)o(en)f(tele-)0 1312 y(phone)38 b(con)m(v)o(ersations)f(\(LDC,)j(1993\).)81 b(T)-7 b(w)o(o)40 b(dialogues)0 1411 y(\(SW2041,)15 b(SW4877\))f(were)i (used)f(to)h(train)f(the)g(tw)o(o)h(annota-)0 1511 y(tors)21 b(\(the)g(authors\),)f(and)h(three)g(further)e(dialogues)i(for)f(test-) 0 1611 y(ing)26 b(\(SW2403,)g(SW3117,)g(SW3241\).)41 b(The)26 b(training)f(dia-)0 1710 y(logues)16 b(were)h(used)g(for)f (impro)o(ving)f(the)i(annotation)e(manual)0 1810 y(and)20 b(for)f(clarifying)g(the)h(annotation)e(in)j(borderline)d(cases.)83 1917 y(After)24 b(each)g(step)g(the)g(annotations)f(were)h(compared)e (us-)0 2016 y(ing)d(the)g Fc(\024)g Fo(statistic)h(as)g(reliability)e (measure)g(for)g(all)i(classi\002-)0 2116 y(cation)g(tasks)h (\(Carletta,)f(1996\).)k(A)d Fc(\024)g Fo(of)g Fb(0)p Fc(:)p Fb(68)h Fc(<)h(\024)g(<)h Fb(0)p Fc(:)p Fb(80)0 2216 y Fo(allo)n(ws)e(tentati)n(v)o(e)f(conclusions)f(while)h Fc(\024)26 b(>)f Fb(0)p Fc(:)p Fb(80)c Fo(indicates)0 2315 y(reliability)e(between)f(the)i(annotators.)j(In)c(the)g(follo)n (wing)f(ta-)0 2415 y(bles,)25 b(the)f(ro)n(ws)f(on)h(abo)o(v)o(e)e(the) i(horizontal)e(line)i(sho)n(w)f(ho)n(w)0 2514 y(often)16 b(a)i(particular)e(class)i(w)o(as)g(actually)f(mark)o(ed)f(as)i(such)f (by)0 2614 y Fl(both)23 b Fo(annotators.)35 b(In)23 b(the)h(ro)n(ws)g (belo)n(w)g(the)f(line,)i(N)g(sho)n(ws)0 2714 y(the)19 b(total)g(number)d(of)j(markables,)e(while)i(Z)g(gi)n(v)o(es)f(the)h (num-)0 2813 y(ber)h(of)g(agreements)e(between)i(the)g(annotations.)j (P)-8 b(A)21 b(is)g(per)n(-)0 2913 y(cent)28 b(agreement)e(between)h (the)g(annotators,)h(PE)g(e)o(xpected)0 3013 y(agreement)e(by)h (chance.)46 b(Finally)-5 b(,)28 b Fc(\024)g Fo(is)g(computed)e(by)h (the)0 3112 y(formula)19 b Fc(P)12 b(A)18 b Fg(\000)g Fc(P)12 b(E)5 b(=)p Fb(1)18 b Fg(\000)g Fc(P)12 b(E)5 b Fo(.)0 3291 y Fm(Dialogue)22 b(Acts.)83 b Fo(First,)24 b(turns)e(were)h(se)o(gmented)e(into)i(di-)0 3390 y(alogue)18 b(act)i(units.)k(W)-7 b(e)21 b(turned)d(the)h(se)o(gmentation)e(task)j (into)0 3490 y(a)27 b(classi\002cation)g(task)g(by)f(using)g (boundaries)f(between)h(di-)0 3590 y(alogue)34 b(acts)h(as)h(one)e (class)i(and)e(non-boundaries)d(as)36 b(the)0 3689 y(other)29 b(\(see)h(P)o(assonneau)19 b(and)h(Litman)g(\(1997)m(\))31 b(for)e(a)h(simi-)0 3789 y(lar)21 b(practice\).)26 b(In)21 b(T)-7 b(able)20 b(1,)h Fl(Non-Bound.)d Fo(and)j Fl(Bound.)d Fo(gi)n(v)o(e)0 3889 y(the)33 b(number)e(of)h(non-boundaries)d(and)k (boundaries)d(actu-)0 3988 y(ally)d(mark)o(ed)f(by)g(the)h(annotators,) g(N)h(is)f(the)g(total)h(number)0 4088 y(of)d(possible)f(boundary)f (sites,)k(while)e(Z)g(gi)n(v)o(es)f(the)i(number)0 4187 y(of)20 b(agreements)f(between)g(the)h(annotations.)p 469 4402 4 84 v 521 4377 a Fi(SW2403)100 b(SW3117)g(SW3241)p 1553 4402 V 175 w Fa(\006)p 0 4406 1860 4 v 50 4464 a Fi(Non-Bound.)p 469 4489 4 84 v 157 w(3372)213 b(3332)g(1717)p 1553 4489 V 185 w(8421)127 4547 y(Bound.)p 469 4572 V 252 w(454)250 b(452)g(241)p 1553 4572 V 203 w(1147)p 0 4575 1860 4 v 209 4633 a(N)p 469 4658 4 84 v 314 w(1913)213 b(1892)232 b(979)p 1553 4658 V 203 w(4784)213 4716 y(Z)p 469 4741 V 318 w(1877)213 b(1866)232 b(962)p 1553 4741 V 203 w(4705)191 4799 y(P)-7 b(A)p 469 4824 V 269 w(0.9812)157 b(0.9863)g(0.9826)p 1553 4824 V 129 w(0.9835)192 4882 y(PE)p 469 4907 V 269 w(0.7908)g(0.7896)g(0.7841)p 1553 4907 V 129 w(0.7890)213 4965 y Fh(\024)p 469 4990 V 292 w Fi(0.9100)g(0.9347)g(0.9200)p 1553 4990 V 129 w(0.9217)426 5138 y Fo(T)-7 b(able)20 b(1:)25 b(Dialogue)20 b(Act)g(Units)83 5351 y(T)-7 b(able)36 b(2)h(sho)n(ws)g(the)f(results)h(of)f(the)h (comparison)d(be-)0 5451 y(tween)17 b(the)h(annotations)e(with)h (respect)g(to)h(the)g(classi\002cation)1941 -17 y(of)j(the)h(dialogue)e (act)i(units)f(into)h(Initiations)f(\(I\),)f(Ackno)n(wl-)1941 82 y(edgements)41 b(\(A\),)h(Ackno)n(wledgement/Initiations)c(\(A/I\),) 1941 182 y(and)26 b(no)f(dialogue)g(act)h(\(No\).)42 b(F)o(or)25 b(this)i(test)g(we)f(used)g(only)1941 282 y(these)j(dialogue)e(act)i(units)g(which)f(the)h(annotators)e(agreed) 1941 381 y(about.)k(P)-8 b(A)24 b(w)o(as)g(92.6\045,)e Fc(\024)27 b Fb(=)g(0)p Fc(:)p Fb(87)22 b Fo(again)f(indicating)h(that) 1941 481 y(it)f(is)g(possible)f(to)g(annotate)f(these)i(classes)g (reliably)-5 b(.)p 2240 688 V 2292 663 a Fi(SW2403)100 b(SW3117)g(SW3241)p 3324 688 V 175 w Fa(\006)p 2043 692 1588 4 v 2130 750 a Fi(I)p 2240 775 4 84 v 212 w(230)250 b(211)g(108)p 3324 775 V 222 w(549)2115 833 y(A)p 2240 858 V 216 w(98)269 b(120)g(68)p 3324 858 V 240 w(286)2093 916 y(A/I)p 2240 941 V 192 w(38)287 b(41)h(16)p 3324 941 V 259 w(95)2097 999 y(No)p 2240 1024 V 216 w(0)324 b(8)g(8)p 3324 1024 V 278 w(16)p 2043 1027 1588 4 v 2115 1085 a(N)p 2240 1110 4 84 v 198 w(183)250 b(190)g(100)p 3324 1110 V 222 w(473)2120 1168 y(Z)p 2240 1193 V 201 w(167)g(181)269 b(90)p 3324 1193 V 240 w(438)2098 1251 y(P)-7 b(A)p 2240 1276 V 133 w(0.9126)157 b(0.9526)g(0.9000)p 3324 1276 V 129 w(0.9260)2099 1334 y(PE)p 2240 1359 V 133 w(0.4774)g(0.4201)g(0.4152)p 3324 1359 V 129 w(0.4273)2120 1417 y Fh(\024)p 2240 1442 V 156 w Fi(0.8327)g(0.9183)g(0.8290)p 3324 1442 V 129 w(0.8708)2346 1590 y Fo(T)-7 b(able)21 b(2:)k(Dialogue)19 b(Act)i(Labels)1941 1859 y Fm(Indi)o(vidual)j(and)f (Abstract)g(Object)f(Anaphora.)82 b Fo(T)-7 b(able)1941 1959 y(3)1983 1929 y Ff(2)2051 1959 y Fo(sho)n(ws)35 b(the)g(reliability)f(scores)h(for)f(the)h(classi\002cation)1941 2059 y(of)25 b(pronouns)e(in)j(the)f(classes)i(IPro,)f(DDPro,)g(V)-9 b(agPro,)25 b(and)1941 2158 y(IEProclassi\002cation)38 b(of)h(demonstrati)n(v)o(es)e(in)j(the)f(classes)1941 2258 y(IDem,)49 b(DDDem,)h(and)44 b(V)-9 b(agDem.)95 b(The)44 b Fc(\024)p Fo(-v)n(alues)f(are)1941 2358 y(around)17 b(.8,)h(indicating)g(that)h(annotators)e(were)h(able)h(to)g(clas-)1941 2457 y(sify)h(the)h(pronouns)c(reliably)-5 b(.)p 2301 2664 V 2352 2639 a Fi(SW2403)100 b(SW3117)g(SW3241)p 3384 2664 V 175 w Fa(\006)p 1983 2668 1709 4 v 2078 2726 a Fi(IPro)p 2301 2751 4 84 v 220 w(120)250 b(148)287 b(5)p 3384 2751 V 259 w(273)2037 2809 y(DDPro)p 2301 2834 V 196 w(33)306 b(5)324 b(9)p 3384 2834 V 278 w(47)2032 2892 y(V)-8 b(agPro)p 2301 2917 V 193 w(31)288 b(20)f(26)p 3384 2917 V 259 w(77)2055 2975 y(IEPro)p 2301 3000 V 215 w(24)h(20)f(86)p 3384 3000 V 240 w(130)p 1983 3003 1709 4 v 2115 3061 a(N)p 2301 3086 4 84 v 258 w(104)269 b(97)287 b(63)p 3384 3086 V 240 w(264)2120 3144 y(Z)p 2301 3169 V 279 w(83)h(90)f(58)p 3384 3169 V 240 w(231)2098 3227 y(P)-7 b(A)p 2301 3252 V 193 w(0.7980)157 b(0.9278)g(0.9206)p 3384 3252 V 129 w(0.8750)2099 3310 y(PE)p 2301 3335 V 193 w(0.3935)g(0.6039)g(0.5151)p 3384 3335 V 129 w(0.3571)2120 3393 y Fh(\024)p 2301 3418 V 216 w Fi(0.6670)g(0.8170)g(0.8363)p 3384 3418 V 129 w(0.8055)2252 3566 y Fo(T)-7 b(able)20 b(3:)25 b(Classi\002cation)c(of)f(Pronouns)p 2321 3859 V 2373 3834 a Fi(SW2403)100 b(SW3117)g(SW3241)p 3405 3859 V 175 w Fa(\006)p 1962 3863 1750 4 v 2057 3921 a Fi(IDem)p 2321 3946 4 84 v 258 w(9)305 b(19)h(2)p 3405 3946 V 278 w(30)2016 4004 y(DDDem)p 2321 4029 V 197 w(45)287 b(34)g(28)p 3405 4029 V 241 w(107)2012 4087 y(V)-8 b(agDem)p 2321 4112 V 212 w(5)324 b(3)g(6)p 3405 4112 V 278 w(14)p 1962 4115 1750 4 v 2115 4173 a(N)p 2321 4198 4 84 v 297 w(30)287 b(28)g(18)p 3405 4198 V 260 w(76)2120 4256 y(Z)p 2321 4281 V 300 w(27)g(26)g(16)p 3405 4281 V 260 w(69)2098 4339 y(P)-7 b(A)p 2321 4364 V 214 w(0.9000)157 b(0.9286)g(0.8888)p 3405 4364 V 129 w(0.9078)2099 4422 y(PE)p 2321 4447 V 214 w(0.5919)g(0.4866)g(0.6358)p 3405 4447 V 129 w(0.5430)2120 4505 y Fh(\024)p 2321 4530 V 237 w Fi(0.7550)g(0.8609)g(0.6949)p 3405 4530 V 129 w(0.7985)2150 4678 y Fo(T)-7 b(able)20 b(4:)25 b(Classi\002cation)c(of)f(Demonstrati)n(v)o(es)1941 4931 y Fm(Co-Indexation)15 b(of)i(Abstract)f(Object)g(Anaphora.)81 b Fo(The)1941 5030 y(abstract)37 b(object)g(anaphora)e(were)i(manually) f(co-inde)o(x)o(ed)p 1941 5115 499 4 v 2047 5170 a Fe(2)2076 5202 y Fi(No.)28 b(for)20 b(each)h(class)g(is)f(the)g(actual)h(no.)28 b(mark)o(ed)22 b(by)f Fd(both)g Fi(an-)1941 5285 y(notators.)i(N)18 b(is)g(the)g(total)g(number)h(of)f(markables,)h(Z)e(is)h(total)g(num-) 1941 5368 y(ber)28 b(of)g(agreements)g(between)h(annotators,)h(PE)d(is) g(the)h(e)o(xpected)1941 5451 y(agreement)20 b(by)f(chance.)p eop %%Page: 7 7 7 6 bop 0 -17 a Fo(with)29 b(their)g(antecedents.)50 b(F)o(or)29 b(this)g(task)h(we)f(cannot)f(pro-)0 82 y(vide)22 b(reliability)f(scores)h(using)g Fc(\024)g Fo(because)f(it)i(is)g(not)f (a)g(clas-)0 182 y(si\002cation)40 b(task.)83 b(It)40 b(is)h(much)e(more)f(dif)n(\002cult)h(than)h(the)0 282 y(pre)n(vious)25 b(ones,)i(as)h(the)e(problem)f(consists)i(of)f (identifying)0 381 y(the)e(correct)f(be)o(ginning)e(and)i(end)h(of)f (the)h(string)g(which)f(co-)0 481 y(speci\002es)h(with)g(the)f(anaphor) -5 b(.)34 b(W)-7 b(e)24 b(used)g(only)e(the)i(abstract)0 581 y(anaphors)g(whose)h(classi\002cation)h(both)f(annotators)f(agreed) 0 680 y(upon.)e(The)17 b(annotators)e(then)i(mark)o(ed)f(the)g (antecedents)g(and)0 780 y(co-inde)o(x)o(ed)21 b(them)i(with)h(the)g (anaphors.)33 b(The)24 b(results)g(were)0 879 y(compared)15 b(and)i(the)h(annotators)e(agreed)g(upon)g(a)i(reconciled)0 979 y(v)o(ersion)e(of)h(the)h(data.)24 b(Annotator)15 b(accurac)o(y)h(w)o(as)i(then)f(mea-)0 1079 y(sured)h(against)h(the)f (reconciled)g(v)o(ersion.)23 b(Accurac)o(y)17 b(ranged)0 1178 y(from)i(85,7\045)g(\(Annotator)f(A\))j(to)f(94,3\045)f (\(Annotator)f(B\).)p 500 1399 4 84 v 551 1374 a Fi(SW2403)100 b(SW3117)g(SW3241)p 1583 1399 V 110 w Fa(\006)p 32 1402 1727 4 v 240 1460 a Fk(A)p 500 1485 4 84 v 1583 1485 V 137 1543 a Fi(Agreem.)p 500 1568 V 248 w(31)288 b(15)f(14)p 1583 1568 V 193 w(60)82 1626 y(No)19 b(Agreem.)p 500 1651 V 212 w(7)324 b(2)g(1)p 1583 1651 V 212 w(10)p 32 1654 1727 4 v 242 1712 a Fk(B)p 500 1737 4 84 v 1583 1737 V 137 1795 a Fi(Agreem.)p 500 1820 V 248 w(35)288 b(16)f(15)p 1583 1820 V 193 w(66)82 1878 y(No)19 b(Agreem.)p 500 1903 V 212 w(3)324 b(1)g(0)p 1583 1903 V 231 w(4)0 2051 y Fo(T)-7 b(able)27 b(5:)40 b(Agreement)26 b(about)g(Antecedents)g 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w(0.658)194 b(0.647)g(0.867)p 1554 3548 V 185 w(0.7)0 3696 y Fo(T)-7 b(able)30 b(6:)45 b(Results)32 b(of)d(the)i(Discourse)e(Deictic)i(Anaphora)0 3795 y(Algorithm)83 4035 y(The)17 b(lo)n(w)h(v)n(alue)e(for)h(precision)g(indicates)g(that) h(the)f(classi-)0 4134 y(\002cation)h(did)h(not)g(perform)d(v)o(ery)i (well.)25 b(Of)19 b(the)g(28)f(anaphors)0 4234 y(resolv)o(ed)h (incorrectly)-5 b(,)18 b(only)h(11)h(were)g(classi\002ed)h(correctly)-5 b(.)0 4333 y(One)23 b(of)g(the)g(most)g(common)e(errors)i(in)g (classi\002cation)g(w)o(as,)0 4433 y(that)18 b(an)g(anaphor)f (annotated)f(as)j(v)n(ague)e(\()p Fl(V)-9 b(a)o(gPr)l(o,)17 b(V)-9 b(a)o(gDem)p Fo(\))0 4533 y(w)o(as)35 b(classi\002ed)g(by)e(the) h(algorithm)f(as)i(discourse)e(deictic)0 4632 y(\()p Fl(DDPr)l(o,)18 b(DDDem)p Fo(\).)25 b(Classi\002cation)19 b(is)g(dependent)e(on)h(res-)0 4732 y(olution,)d(so)i(since)f(the)g (conte)o(xt)e(almost)i(al)o(w)o(ays)h(pro)o(vides)d(an)0 4832 y(antecedent)21 b(for)g(a)i(discourse)e(deictic)i(anaphor)m(,)d (it)j(is)g(possi-)0 4931 y(ble)17 b(to)f(classify)h(and)f(resolv)o(e)g (a)h(v)n(ague)f(anaphor)e(incorrectly)-5 b(,)0 5031 y(as)21 b(in)f(Example)f(13:)42 5237 y(\(13\))81 b(A:)24 b([I)f(don')o(t)e(kno) n(w])858 5249 y Fn(i)910 5237 y Fo(,)k(I)e(think)f Fm(it)1252 5249 y Fn(i)1306 5237 y Fo(really)h(depends)263 5337 y(a)d(lot)h(on)f(the)g(child.)263 5436 y(\(sw3117\))1941 -17 y Fs(6)100 b(Comparison)24 b(to)h(Related)h(W)-7 b(ork)1941 154 y Fo(Both)38 b(W)-7 b(ebber)20 b(\(1991)n(\))38 b(and)g(Asher)20 b(\(1993)m(\))39 b(describe)e(the)1941 253 y(phenomenon)24 b(of)j(abstract)g(object)g(anaphora)f(and)h (present)1941 353 y(restrictions)f(on)h(the)f(set)i(of)e(potential)g (antecedents.)43 b(The)o(y)1941 453 y(do)17 b(not,)h(ho)n(we)n(v)o(er)m (,)d(concern)h(themselv)o(es)g(with)i(the)g(problem)1941 552 y(of)23 b(ho)n(w)f(to)h(classify)g(a)g(certain)g(pronoun)d(or)i (demonstrati)n(v)o(e)1941 652 y(as)33 b(indi)n(vidual)d(or)h(abstract.) 60 b(Also,)34 b(as)f(the)o(y)e(do)g(not)h(gi)n(v)o(e)1941 752 y(preferences)h(on)h(the)g(set)i(of)e(potential)f(candidates,)k (their)1941 851 y(approaches)18 b(are)i(not)g(intended)e(as)j(attempts) f(to)g(resolv)o(e)f(ab-)1941 951 y(stract)i(object)e(anaphora.)2024 1057 y(Concerning)24 b(anaphora)g(resolution)g(in)i(dialogues,)g(only) 1941 1157 y(little)g(research)f(has)h(been)e(carried)h(out)g(in)h(this) g(area)f(to)h(our)1941 1256 y(kno)n(wledge.)39 b(LuperFo)o(y)18 b(\(1992)n(\))26 b(does)f(not)g(present)g(a)h(cor)n(-)1941 1356 y(pus)16 b(study)-5 b(,)16 b(meaning)e(that)i(statistics)i(about)d (the)h(distrib)n(ution)1941 1455 y(of)35 b(indi)n(vidual)e(and)h (abstract)h(object)f(anaphora)f(or)i(about)1941 1555 y(the)k(success)g(rate)f(of)g(her)h(approach)d(are)i(not)h(a)n(v)n (ailable.)1941 1655 y(Byron)19 b(and)h(Stent)h(\(1998)m(\))g(present)f (e)o(xtensions)g(of)h(the)f(cen-)1941 1754 y(tering)j(model)f(\(Grosz)h (et)h(al.,)g(1995\))d(for)i(spok)o(en)f(dialogue)1941 1854 y(and)35 b(identify)f(se)n(v)o(eral)h(problems)f(with)h(the)g (model.)70 b(W)-7 b(e)1941 1954 y(ha)n(v)o(e)24 b(chosen)g(Strube')-5 b(s)24 b(\(1998\))e(model)i(for)g(the)g(resolution)1941 2053 y(of)j(indi)n(vidual)f(anaphora)f(as)j(basis)g(because)f(it)h(a)n (v)n(oids)g(the)1941 2153 y(problems)19 b(encountered)f(by)j(Byron)e(&) i(Stent,)g(who)f(also)h(do)1941 2252 y(not)j(present)f(data)g(on)g(the) h(resolution)f(of)g(pronouns)e(in)j(dia-)1941 2352 y(logues)c(and)f(do) h(not)g(mention)f(abstract)h(object)f(anaphora.)2024 2458 y(Dagan)g(and)h(Itai)g(\(1991)n(\))30 b(describe)e(a)i (corpus-based)d(ap-)1941 2558 y(proach)d(to)h(the)g(resolution)f(of)h (pronouns,)e(which)i(is)h(e)n(v)n(alu-)1941 2657 y(ated)f(for)f(the)h (neuter)f(pronoun)e Fl(\223it\224)p Fo(.)40 b(Again,)25 b(abstract)g(ob-)1941 2757 y(ject)c(anaphora)d(are)i(not)g(mentioned.) 1941 2969 y Fs(7)100 b(Conclusions)24 b(and)i(Futur)n(e)g(W)-7 b(ork)1941 3140 y Fo(In)22 b(this)h(paper)e(we)i(presented)d(a)j (method)e(for)g(resolving)g(ab-)1941 3240 y(stract)29 b(object)g(anaphora)e(in)i(spok)o(en)e(language.)50 b(W)-7 b(e)30 b(con-)1941 3339 y(sider)g(our)e(approach)f(to)j(be)f(a)h (\002rst)g(step)g(to)n(w)o(ards)f(the)h(un-)1941 3439 y(constrained)19 b(resolution)f(of)i(anaphora)e(in)j(dialogue.)2024 3545 y(The)32 b(results)g(of)g(our)g(method)e(sho)n(w)i(that)h(the)f (recall)g(is)1941 3645 y(f)o(airly)25 b(high)g(while)g(the)h(precision) e(is)i(relati)n(v)o(ely)e(lo)n(w)-5 b(.)41 b(This)1941 3744 y(indicates)30 b(that)h(the)f(anaphor)f(classi\002cation)h (requires)g(im-)1941 3844 y(pro)o(v)o(ement,)d(in)i(particular)e(the)h (notion)f(of)h Fl(Compatibility)p Fo(.)1941 3944 y(Lists)38 b(of)e(v)o(erb)g(biases)h(for)f(sentential)h(and)f(NP)h(comple-)1941 4043 y(ments,)e(as)d(described)f(in)h(psycholinguistic)e(studies)i (\(e.g.)1941 4143 y(Garnse)o(y)19 b(et)i(al.)k(\(1997)n(\)\),)17 b(could)f(be)h(used)g(to)g(classify)g(v)o(erbs.)1941 4242 y(Currently)h(e)o(xisiting)h(lists)i(only)d(account)h(for)f(a)i (small)g(num-)1941 4342 y(ber)f(of)h(v)o(erbs)f(b)n(ut)h(there)f(may)g (be)h(the)g(possibility)f(of)g(adding)1941 4442 y(statistical)35 b(information)30 b(from)i(lar)o(ge)h(corpora)e(of)i(spok)o(en)1941 4541 y(dialogue.)2024 4647 y(Furthermore,)40 b(the)e(algorithm)f (currently)f(ignores)h(ab-)1941 4747 y(stract)32 b(NPs)g(\(e.g.,)h Fl(story)-5 b(,)34 b(e)n(xer)m(cising)p Fo(\))d(when)g(looking)e(for) 1941 4847 y(antecedents)k(for)g(anaphors)g(with)h Fl(I-incompatible)d Fo(predi-)1941 4946 y(cates.)f(W)-7 b(e)23 b(are)e(considering)f (determining)f(the)j(feature)f Fl(ab-)1941 5046 y(str)o(act)i Fo(for)f(all)h(NPs)g(in)f(order)f(to)i(identify)e(those)h(which)g(can) 1941 5146 y(act)f(as)g(antecedents)e(in)h(such)g(conte)o(xts.)2024 5252 y(Information)f(such)i(as)i(this)f(could)f(be)g(used)h(by)f(the)h (algo-)1941 5351 y(rithm)f(to)g(pre)n(v)o(ent)f(the)h(anaphor)e (classi\002cation)j(from)e(being)1941 5451 y(dependent)e(on)i(anaphor)e (resolution.)p eop %%Page: 8 8 8 7 bop 0 -17 a Fm(Ackno)o(wledgments.)82 b Fo(W)-7 b(e)27 b(w)o(ould)d(lik)o(e)h(to)h(thank)e(Donna)0 82 y(Byron)18 b(and)h(Amanda)f(Stent)i(for)e(discussing)h(the)g(central)g(is-)0 182 y(sues)31 b(contained)d(in)j(this)f(paper)-5 b(.)54 b(W)-7 b(e)32 b(are)e(grateful)f(to)h(au-)0 282 y(diences)37 b(at)h(A)-9 b(T&T)37 b(Labs-Research,)k(the)d(Uni)n(v)o(ersity)e(of)0 381 y(Dela)o(w)o(are,)19 b(IBM)h(Research)f(and)g(the)g(participants)g (of)g(Ellen)0 481 y(Prince')-5 b(s)32 b(Discourse)g(Analysis)g(Seminar) f(for)h(the)g(critical)0 581 y(feedback)21 b(the)o(y)h(pro)o(vided.)30 b(Thanks)21 b(also)i(to)g(Jonathan)f(De-)0 680 y(Cristof)o(aro)g(and)h (Kathleen)f(F)-7 b(.)24 b(McCo)o(y)e(who)h(discussed)g(the)0 780 y(empirical)33 b(issues.)66 b(Both)34 b(authors)e(are)i(funded)e (by)h(post-)0 879 y(doctoral)19 b(fello)n(wship)g(a)o(w)o(ards)h(from)f (IRCS.)0 1165 y Fs(Refer)n(ences)0 1307 y Fo(Nicholas)h(Asher)-5 b(.)31 b(1993.)e Fl(Refer)m(ence)20 b(to)h(Abstr)o(act)f(Objects)p Fo(.)83 1398 y(Kluwer)m(,)f(Dordrecht.)0 1544 y(Adriana)24 b(Belletti)i(and)f(Luigi)f(Rizzi.)46 b(1988.)e(Psych)25 b(v)o(erbs)83 1635 y(and)d(theta)h(theory)-5 b(.)36 b Fl(Natur)o(al)22 b(Langua)o(g)o(e)f(and)h(Linguistic)83 1727 y(Theory)p Fo(,)e(6:291\226352.)0 1873 y(Donna)29 b(Byron)h(and)f(Amanda)g(Stent.)62 b(1998.)e(A)31 b(prelim-)83 1964 y(inary)j(model)g(of)h(centering)e(in)i(dialog.)75 b(In)35 b Fl(Pr)l(oceed-)83 2055 y(ings)23 b(of)g(the)g(17)545 2025 y Fn(th)635 2055 y Fl(International)e(Confer)m(ence)h(on)h(Com-)83 2146 y(putational)40 b(Linguistics)i(and)g(36)1128 2116 y Fn(th)1236 2146 y Fl(Annual)f(Meeting)83 2238 y(of)34 b(the)h(Association)e(for)i(Computational)d(Linguistics,)83 2329 y Fo(Montr)5 b(\264)-33 b(eal,)41 b(Qu)5 b(\264)-33 b(ebec,)41 b(Canada,)g(10\22614)36 b(August)h(1998,)83 2420 y(pages)20 b(1475\2261477.)0 2566 y(Jean)32 b(Carletta,)j(Amy)c (Isard,)j(Stephen)d(Isard,)j(Jacqueline)83 2658 y(K)m(o)n(wtk)o(o,)15 b(Gwyneth)g(Doherty-Sneddon,)d(and)i(Anne)h(An-)83 2749 y(derson.)51 b(1997.)g(The)27 b(reliability)g(of)g(a)h(dialogue)e (struc-)83 2840 y(ture)37 b(coding)f(scheme.)85 b Fl(Computational)35 b(Linguistics)p Fo(,)83 2932 y(23\(1\):13\22631.)0 3078 y(Jean)26 b(Carletta.)47 b(1996.)e(Assessing)27 b(agreement)d(on)h (classi-)83 3169 y(\002cation)h(tasks:)39 b(The)26 b(kappa)f (statistic.)51 b Fl(Computational)83 3260 y(Linguistics)p Fo(,)20 b(22\(2\):249\226254.)0 3406 y(Herbert)e(H.)h(Clark)f(and)g (Edw)o(ard)g(F)-7 b(.)19 b(Schaefer)-5 b(.)29 b(1989.)f(Con-)83 3497 y(trib)n(uting)d(to)h(discourse.)47 b Fl(Co)o(gnitive)26 b(Science)p Fo(,)g(13:259\226)83 3589 y(294.)0 3735 y(Ido)21 b(Dagan)h(and)f(Alon)h(Itai.)36 b(1991.)e(A)23 b(statistical)h (\002lter)e(for)83 3826 y(resolving)c(pronoun)f(references.)28 b(In)19 b(Y)-11 b(.A.)20 b(Feldman)e(and)83 3917 y(A.)36 b(Bruckstein,)j(editors,)g Fl(Arti\002cial)c(Intellig)o(ence)g(and)83 4009 y(Computer)17 b(V)-6 b(ision)p Fo(,)17 b(pages)g(125\226135.)e (Else)n(vier)m(,)i(Amster)n(-)83 4100 y(dam.)16 4227 y(\250)0 4246 y(Osten)23 b(Dahl)f(and)g(Christina)h(Hellman.)36 b(1995.)g(What)23 b(hap-)83 4337 y(pens)k(when)h(we)g(use)g(an)f (anaphor)-5 b(.)52 b(In)27 b Fl(Pr)m(esentation)g(at)83 4429 y(the)35 b(XVth)g(Scandinavian)d(Confer)m(ence)j(of)h(Linguistics) 83 4520 y(Oslo,)20 b(Norway)p Fo(.)0 4666 y(Susan)37 b(Garnse)o(y)-5 b(,)39 b(Neal)d(Pearlmutter)m(,)k(Elizabeth)35 b(Myers,)83 4757 y(and)22 b(Melanie)g(Lotock)o(y)-5 b(.)35 b(1997.)g(Contrib)n(utions)22 b(of)g(v)o(erb)83 4848 y(bias)k(and)g(plausibility)f(to)h(the)g(comprehension)d(of)j(tem-)83 4940 y(porarily)d(ambiguous)g(sentences.)42 b Fl(J)n(ournal)24 b(of)h(Memory)83 5031 y(and)19 b(Langua)o(g)o(e)p Fo(,)f(37:58\22693.)0 5177 y(Barbara)26 b(J.)i(Grosz,)g(Ara)n(vind)d(K.)i(Joshi,)i(and)d (Scott)h(W)-7 b(ein-)83 5268 y(stein.)33 b(1995.)f(Centering:)27 b(A)21 b(frame)n(w)o(ork)f(for)g(modeling)83 5360 y(the)33 b(local)h(coherence)d(of)i(discourse.)70 b Fl(Computational)83 5451 y(Linguistics)p Fo(,)20 b(21\(2\):203\226225.)1941 -17 y(Jeanette)63 b(K.)f(Gundel,)72 b(Nanc)o(y)61 b(Hedber)o(g,)71 b(and)62 b(Ron)2024 74 y(Zacharski.)70 b(1993.)f(Cogniti)n(v)o(e)31 b(status)j(and)f(the)g(form)2024 165 y(of)h(referring)e(e)o(xpressions) h(in)h(discourse.)72 b Fl(Langua)o(g)o(e)p Fo(,)2024 257 y(69:274\226307.)1941 415 y(Osv)n(aldo)21 b(Jae)o(ggli.)34 b(1986.)e(Arbitrary)20 b(plural)h(pronominals.)2024 506 y Fl(Natur)o(al)f(Langua)o(g)o(e)e(and)i(Linguistic)f(Theory)p Fo(,)h(4:43\22676.)1941 664 y(LDC.)81 b(1993.)e(Switchboard.)g (Linguistic)36 b(Data)g(Con-)2024 755 y(sortium.)28 b(Uni)n(v)o(ersity) g(of)g(Pennsylv)n(ania,)h(Philadelphia,)2024 846 y(Penn.)1941 1004 y(Susann)c(LuperF)o(o)o(y)-5 b(.)44 b(1992.)h(The)25 b(representation)e(of)i(mul-)2024 1095 y(timodal)42 b(user)g(interf)o (ace)g(dialogues)f(using)h(discourse)2024 1187 y(pe)o(gs.)54 b(In)28 b Fl(Pr)l(oceedings)f(of)h(the)h(30)3097 1156 y Fn(th)3192 1187 y Fl(Annual)d(Meeting)2024 1278 y(of)35 b(the)f(Association)f(for)i(Computational)d(Linguistics,)2024 1369 y Fo(Ne)n(w)o(ark,)20 b(Del.,)g(28)f(June)h(\226)h(2)f(July)g (1992,)f(pages)g(22\22631.)1941 1527 y(Rebecca)54 b(P)o(assonneau)f (and)h(Diane)g(Litman.)137 b(1997.)2024 1618 y(Discourse)31 b(se)o(gmentation)f(by)h(human)f(and)g(automated)2024 1710 y(means.)f Fl(Computational)18 b(Linguistics)p Fo(,)i (23\(1\):103\226139.)1941 1867 y(P)o(aul)32 b(Postal)g(and)f(Geof)n (fre)o(y)f(Pullum.)66 b(1988.)e(Expleti)n(v)o(e)2024 1959 y(noun)22 b(phrases)h(in)g(subcate)o(gorized)d(positions.)38 b Fl(Linguis-)2024 2050 y(tic)21 b(Inquiry)p Fo(,)e(19:635\226670.)1941 2208 y(Michael)30 b(Strube.)60 b(1998.)g(Ne)n(v)o(er)30 b(look)f(back:)45 b(An)30 b(alter)n(-)2024 2299 y(nati)n(v)o(e)24 b(to)g(centering.)41 b(In)24 b Fl(Pr)l(oceedings)f(of)i(the)f(17)3544 2269 y Fn(th)3635 2299 y Fl(In-)2024 2390 y(ternational)g(Confer)m (ence)g(on)g(Computational)e(Linguis-)2024 2482 y(tics)36 b(and)f(36)2422 2452 y Fn(th)2524 2482 y Fl(Annual)e(Meeting)i(of)h (the)f(Association)2024 2573 y(for)c(Computational)d(Linguistics,)33 b Fo(Montr)5 b(\264)-33 b(eal,)31 b(Qu)5 b(\264)-33 b(ebec,)2024 2664 y(Canada,)20 b(10\22614)e(August)i(1998,)e(pages)i(1251\2261257.) 1941 2822 y(Da)n(vid)44 b(R.)g(T)m(raum.)103 b(1994.)g Fl(A)44 b(Computational)d(The-)2024 2913 y(ory)30 b(of)f(Gr)l(ounding)e (in)j(Natur)o(al)e(Langua)o(g)o(e)g(Con)m(ver)o(sa-)2024 3005 y(tion)p Fo(.)66 b(Ph.D.)32 b(thesis,)j(Department)30 b(of)i(Computer)f(Sci-)2024 3096 y(ence,)20 b(Uni)n(v)o(ersity)f(of)h (Rochester)-5 b(.)1941 3254 y(Marilyn)27 b(A.)i(W)-7 b(alk)o(er)i(.)54 b(1998.)f(Centering,)29 b(anaphora)d(res-)2024 3345 y(olution,)k(and)f(discourse)f(structure.)56 b(In)29 b(M.A.)g(W)-7 b(alk)o(er)m(,)2024 3437 y(A.K.)19 b(Joshi,)h(and)f(E.F) -7 b(.)19 b(Prince,)g(editors,)g Fl(Centering)g(The-)2024 3528 y(ory)30 b(in)g(Discour)o(se)p Fo(,)i(pages)d(401\226435.)d (Oxford)i(Uni)n(v)o(er)n(-)2024 3619 y(sity)21 b(Press,)g(Oxford,)d (U.K.)1941 3777 y(Bonnie)33 b(L.)h(W)-7 b(ebber)i(.)72 b(1991.)f(Structure)33 b(and)g(ostension)2024 3868 y(in)24 b(the)g(interpretation)d(of)j(discourse)f(deixis.)40 b Fl(Langua)o(g)o(e)2024 3960 y(and)19 b(Co)o(gnitive)h(Pr)l(ocesses)p Fo(,)h(6\(2\):107\226135.)p eop %%Trailer end userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if %%EOF